Can you imagine that several hundred years ago, tomatoes were seen as toxic food in Europe?

What made Europeans believe this was John Gerard’s publication of Herbal in 1597. Gerard wrote: “The leaves and stalks of the tomato plant are toxic.” Undoubtedly, Gerard’s opinion was based on a misunderstanding of tomatoes. But his opinion was widely spread in Britain and North America for over two hundred years.

In the late 1700s, a lot of Europeans held more fears for tomatoes. A nick name for the fruit was “poison apple” because it was believed that aristocrats(貴族) got sick and died after eating them. But the actual reason was the pewter plates they used. Since tomatoes are high in acidity, when placed on the plates, the lead(鉛) in the plates would dissolve. This caused many deaths. This is unluckily, no one knew this at that time. So the innocent tomatoes were picked as the killer.

Today, more than one and a half billion tons of tomatoes are produced every year around the world. Tomatoes are cooked in various ways. This healthy and tasty food finally wins its innocence(清白) back.

1.What does the underlined word “toxic” in paragraph 1 mean?

A.delicious B.nutritious(營養(yǎng)) C.poisonous D.safe

2.What do we know about the book Herbal?

A.It was written by an American writer. B.It was published about 400 years ago.

C.Tomatoes were described as good food. D.Chinese herbal medicine was included.

3.What’s the passage mainly about?

A.Europeans’ fears for tomatoes B.History of tomato planting

C.Why do people eat so many tomatoes D.How did the tomato prove its value

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科目：初中英語 來源：北京市通州區(qū)2019-2020學(xué)年九年級(jí)上學(xué)期期末英語試卷 題型：回答問題

The Blood Group Alphabet

Sometimes people lose too much blood from injuries or accidents. To save their lives, doctors must replace the lost blood. In an operation called a transfusion, doctors put blood given by healthy people into the veins（靜脈）of the sick or injured person. But they must be careful. Although all blood looks the same, there are really different types of blood. Someone getting the wrong type of blood in a transfusion may become very sick or even die.

All blood is made up of red and white cells, and a liquid（液體）called plasma（血漿）. It is the red cells that cause blood to be different types. On the outside of the red cells of some people's blood are proteins（蛋白質(zhì)）. Doctors group these proteins into two different classes, A and B. People with the A protein have Type A blood, while people with the B protein have B type blood. If someone happens to have both proteins, that person has Type AB blood. Some people don't have either protein, and their blood is called Type O.

If a person receives a transfusion of the wrong type of blood, the body senses the strange protein on the new blood cells. So the body destroys the new blood, and the patient goes into shock. For example, people with Type A blood will become very sick if they are given Type B protein because their bodies try to destroy the strange Type B protein. People with Type O blood have no proteins on their cells, so their bodies will destroy both Type A and Type B blood. They can only receive Type O blood. But people with Type AB blood have both proteins, so they can receive Type A, Type B and Type AB blood. These people are called Universal Receivers. People of any type can receive Type O blood because it has no protein for the body to fight against. So Type O people are called Universal Donors.

Doctors are always careful to test blood for its type before it is used in a transfusion. Although the wrong type of blood can be harmful, the right type can save a life.

1.What is the blood made up of?

__________________________________________________________________________

2.How many classes do doctors group the proteins into?

__________________________________________________________________________

3.What type of blood does the person have if someone doesn't have either protein?

__________________________________________________________________________

4.Why can people with Type O blood only receive Type O blood?

__________________________________________________________________________

5.Are Type AB people called Universal Donors?

__________________________________________________________________________

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科目：初中英語 來源：上海市浦東區(qū)第四教育署2019-2020學(xué)年七年級(jí)上學(xué)期10月月考英語試卷 題型：閱讀單選

Read the passage and choose the best answer （根據(jù)以下內(nèi)容，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢福?/p>

How do people live in a very small lifeboat? Perhaps for weeks or months? They must be strong in every way. They must have hope -- they must want to live. But you cannot eat or drink hope.

You cannot drink sea water. Drink a lot of sea water -- you will quickly die. Sailors（水手）can drink rain water. They must catch rain in their boat. They must also catch fish and bird for food. Lifeboats do not often carry cooker, and so the sailors cannot cook their food. Raw fish and bird-meat are not very nice.

What do people think about in a lifeboat? They think about land, a warm bed, dry clothes, fresh water and food, food, food.

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C.have cooked fish and bird-meat D.have rain water

2.You cannot drink seawater because _______.

A.too much sea water will make you ill.

B.too much sea water will make you die.

C.sea water is nice but dangerous.

D.sea water is too sour to drink.

3.Which of the following is NOT true?

A.You can drink rain water in your lifeboat.

B.You can cook in your lifeboat.

C.You can catch fish for food.

D.You can catch birds for meat.

4.The sailors eat raw fish because _______.

A.it’s delicious B.it’s fresh and nice.

C.there is nothing to eat except raw fish. D.they like to eat raw fish

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Next time when you're in a public place, take a look around you. And count how many people 1.(use) their phones. I can tell you now that it is2.（probable） more than half, whether you're on a bus, in a cafe3.simply walking down the street.

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Most of us fear failure. However, without failure, progress would be impossible. In fact, the word success comes from the Latin succedere, meaning “to come after.” And what does success usually come after? Failure. It seems that one cannot exist without the other.

Every failure – even the worst ones – helps us learn to do things differently in the future. “Learning from the past mistakes and making changes helped me to reach the top of Everest successfully,” says mountaineer Pete Athans, who has now reached the world’s highest peak (山峰) seven times. Failure also reminds us that things can go wrong – sometimes with terrible results.

Austrian Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner is the first woman to reach the top of all 14 of the world’s 8,000-meter peaks without extra oxygen (氧氣). In 2007, while climbing in Nepal, she was in an avalanche ( 雪 崩 ). She survived, but two nearby Spanish climbers died. The experience taught Kaltenbrunner that no matter how prepared a person is, bad things can still happen. But Kaltenbrunner decided she had to learn from her experience and move on.

Accepting failure is not easy for many, though. We are often reluctant to tell people that we are failures because our good name depends on success. However, things are slowly changing. In the past ten years, some scientific magazines – mostly in medicine – have published reports of failed experiments. The belief is that the science community can also learn from “negative” results and that this can finally lead to positive outcomes.

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B.The experience of success.

C.A difficult way to success.

D.The rewards of failure.

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書面表達(dá)

假如你叫李明，班主任陳老師想了解班級(jí)同學(xué)的狀況，以便有針對(duì)性地對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行考前心理疏導(dǎo)。請(qǐng)你根據(jù)下面的內(nèi)容要求，給班主任陳老師寫封e-mail，說明自己的情況，并請(qǐng)她給你提一些建議。

要點(diǎn)：1、學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)重,睡眠不足,缺少體育活動(dòng)；

2、同學(xué)間缺乏溝通和交流；

3、在家不允許看電視、上網(wǎng)、聽音樂等；

4、……

要求：1、短文應(yīng)包括所有要點(diǎn)，可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；

2、詞數(shù)80-100左右。開頭和結(jié)尾已給出。不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；

3、文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)的校名、姓名。

From:liming@163.com To:chlw524@sina.com Subject: problems Date: January 15

Dear Ms Chen,

I’m very glad to write to you. ________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Best wishes.

Li Ming

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Have you ever read the book A brief History of Times? It 1. (write) by Stephen Hawking in 2013.

Stephen Hawking was born on January 8th, 1942, exactly 300 years after the death of Galileo in Oxford, England. At the age of eleven, Stephen went to Oxford University, his father’s old college. After three years, he won a first class honour degree in 2. (nature) science.

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