How quickly can you count from one to ten? Do you use ten different words to do it? Can you do it in English, or do you have to use your first languages? Do you count on your fingers? Many people think that numbers and math are the same all over the world. But scientists have discovered that it is not true.
People in different parts of the world use different ways to count on their fingers. In the United States, people think begin counting with their first fingers, which they extend or stick out. They then extend the rest of their fingers and finally the thumb(拇指）to count to five. Then they repeat this with the other hand to get to ten. In China, people count by using different finger positions. In this way, a Chinese person can easily count to ten on only one hand.
Besides ways of finger counting, scientists have found that cultures and languages are also different when it comes to numbers. Some languages have only a few words for numbers, and others have no words for numbers. A group of scientists studied aboriginal(土著的）people in Australia. These people don’t have hand movements to stand for numbers. They don’t even have word for numbers. However, they are still able to understand different ideas about numbers.
In a similar study, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered that people of the Piraha tribe(部落） in northwestern Brazil don’t have words for numbers such as “one” or “three.”. They are not able to say “five trees” or “ten trees” but can say “some trees,” “more trees,” or “many trees.” Professor Edward Gibson said that mist people believe that everyone knows how to count, “but here is a group that does not count. They could learn, but it’s not useful in their culture, so they’ve never picked it up.”
Although all humans are able to understand quantities(數(shù)量）,not all languages have numbers and not all people use counting. Number words in a certain language are a result of people needing numbers in their daily lives. Now we know that people have different ideas about numbers and math, too.
小題1:The writer begins with the four questions in order to______.
A．make a surveyB．interest readers
C．tell a storyD．solve math problems
小題2:What do we learn from the difference in finger counting between the U.S. and China?
A．People from China count much faster than people from the U.S.
B．People from China need two hands to count from one to ten.
C．People of different cultures may use different ways of finger counting
D．People of different cultures use the same way of finger counting.
小題3:Which of following is true about aboriginal Australians?
A．They have only a few words for numbers
B．They have hand movements to stand for numbers
C．They can only count to five on their fingers
D．They can understand different ideas about numbers
小題4:The study of the Piraha tribe shows that____
A．people all over the world know how to count
B．People of the tribe have words for number
C．Some groups of people are not smart enough to count
D．Counting is not useful in the culture of the tribe
小題5:What is the main idea of the passage?
A．people from different cultures have different ideas about numbers and math
B．Chinese people can count more easily on their fingers than Americans
C．In some aboriginal culture,people don’t even know how to count
D．Some languages don’t have number words because people don’t need numbers.

小題1:B
小題2:C
小題3:D
小題4:D
小題5:A

試題分析：這篇短文中作者給我們介紹的是關(guān)于數(shù)字和數(shù)學(xué)，不同的文化有不同的觀點(diǎn)。不同文化的國(guó)家里，人們數(shù)數(shù)的方式是不同的，有些國(guó)家里根本沒(méi)有表示數(shù)字的單詞，他們不用數(shù)字來(lái)數(shù)數(shù)，但是他們同樣理解關(guān)于數(shù)字的想法，故數(shù)字和數(shù)學(xué)并不是一回事。
小題1:推理判斷題。作者在這篇短文的開(kāi)頭連續(xù)問(wèn)了四個(gè)問(wèn)題，How quickly can you count from one to ten? Do you use ten different words to do it? Can you do it in English, or do you have to use your first languages? Do you count on your fingers?你從一數(shù)到十有多快？你用十個(gè)不同的詞來(lái)數(shù)嗎？你能用英語(yǔ)數(shù)嗎，還是用你的母語(yǔ)？你用手指數(shù)嗎？用這些問(wèn)題開(kāi)頭的目的是一下子吸引讀者的注意力，讓讀者對(duì)接下來(lái)作者要說(shuō)的事情產(chǎn)生興趣。故選B。
小題2:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。短文的第二段中作者分別舉了美國(guó)和中國(guó)人用手指數(shù)數(shù)的例子，美國(guó)人是先伸出第一個(gè)手指，然后再伸出其他的手指，最后是拇指，這樣數(shù)到五，再用同樣的方法伸出另一只手，數(shù)到十；而中國(guó)人用不同的手指的位置數(shù)數(shù)。通過(guò)這樣的對(duì)比，作者想告訴我們不同文化的國(guó)家，使用不同的手指數(shù)數(shù)的方式，故選C。
小題3:推理判斷題。根據(jù)短文第三段中However, they are still able to understand different ideas about numbers可知選項(xiàng)是正確的；根據(jù)They don’t even have word for numbers.可知A是不對(duì)的；根據(jù)These people don’t have hand movements to stand for numbers可知B是不對(duì)的；根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，澳大利亞的土著居民沒(méi)有表示數(shù)字的單詞，也沒(méi)有動(dòng)作來(lái)代表數(shù)字，但是他們?nèi)匀荒芾斫怅P(guān)于數(shù)字的不同的想法。故選D。
小題4:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文第四段的內(nèi)容可知，這一段中作者給我們舉了一個(gè)部落的例子，這個(gè)部落里沒(méi)有關(guān)于數(shù)字的單詞，他們也不用數(shù)字來(lái)數(shù)數(shù)。They could learn, but it’s not useful in their culture, so they’ve never picked it up他們可以學(xué)數(shù)數(shù)，但是在他們的文化里，那是沒(méi)用的，所以他們也不學(xué)。由此可知選D。
小題5:主旨大意題。這篇短文中作者給我們介紹的是關(guān)于數(shù)字和數(shù)學(xué)，不同的文化有不同的觀點(diǎn)。不同文化的國(guó)家里，人們數(shù)數(shù)的方式是不同的，有些國(guó)家里根本沒(méi)有表示數(shù)字的單詞，他們不用數(shù)字來(lái)數(shù)數(shù)，但是他們同樣理解關(guān)于數(shù)字的想法，故數(shù)字和數(shù)學(xué)并不是一回事。故選A。
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A．farmland is in danger
B．countryside is turned into towns
C．farmland has been sold
D．Chinese cities are growing fast
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D．Millions of square kilometers.
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B．The country needs enough farmland so that the farmers can grow enough food for the people of China.
C．Chinese cities are growing too slowly so the government encourages people to change the farmland into towns.
D．Pollution is also an important reason for the big drop in China's farmland.
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科目：初中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Everybody hates rats. But rats may soon be man’s new good friend.
What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue(援救)dogs. Why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can’t get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.
How does it work? First, the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat’s brain gives a signal(信號(hào)). This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.
Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. “Robots’ noses don’t work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark, they are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don’t need electricity!
The “rat project” is not finished, but a scientist says, “It would be great. A rat could get into spaces we couldn’t get to, and a rat would get out if it wasn’t safe.” Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course).
小題1:In the writer’s opinion, rats may become man’s new friend because         .
A．they can be food for people
B．they can help rescuers to find living people
C．they are lovely
D．they can completely replace man’s rescue jobs
小題2:What does the underlined word “this” mean?
A．An earthquake.
B．The rat has smelled a person
C．The rat has smelled that someone is alive
D．The rat has found a robot.
小題3:Which of the following is NOT true?
A．Rats don’t need electricity.
B．Rats are better than robots when smelling.
C．Rats are as clever as radios.
D．Rats can see things in the dark when doing rescues.
小題4:Why does the “rat project” sound great according to the passage?
A．Because rats can get into very small spaces.
B．Because rats have better noses than dogs.
C．Because rats don’t like robots.
D．Because rats are brave.
小題5:Which is the best title of this passage?
A．Ways of saving peopleB．Rats and robotsC．After earthquakeD．Rats for rescue

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