小說(shuō)粘住你我他
①為什么名著能夠經(jīng)受時(shí)間和文化的洗禮而流傳下來(lái)?有人說(shuō)是因?yàn)樗鼈兾淖謨?yōu)美,有人說(shuō)是因?yàn)樗鼈児适虑楣?jié)動(dòng)人,還有人說(shuō)它們深刻地剖析了人性。最近一項(xiàng)對(duì)英國(guó)維多利亞文學(xué)的讀者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),最后一種說(shuō)法可能是小說(shuō)具有持久魅力的重要原因,因?yàn)樾≌f(shuō)反映了我們?nèi)祟愒谶M(jìn)化過(guò)程中形成的觀念,或者說(shuō)是某種形式的人性。
②美國(guó)密蘇里大學(xué)的專家們專門(mén)研究了達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化理論如何應(yīng)用到了文學(xué)中。他們做了一次調(diào)查,讓500個(gè)讀者填寫(xiě)了關(guān)于200部維多利亞女王時(shí)代的小說(shuō)的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。被調(diào)查者要填寫(xiě)自己認(rèn)為的主角或配角的性格特點(diǎn),然后描述他們的個(gè)性和動(dòng)機(jī),比如他們是否有責(zé)任心或者支配欲很強(qiáng)等。
③結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),小說(shuō)中的角色可以劃分為鮮明的幾類。一般來(lái)說(shuō),那些主角,比如簡(jiǎn)?奧斯汀的名著《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》中的伊麗莎白?貝內(nèi)特,她在責(zé)任心、有教養(yǎng)方面獲得了讀者的高分,而那些配角在獲取社會(huì)地位、支配欲上的得分很高。而且在小說(shuō)中,有支配欲的角色受到了作者的強(qiáng)烈譴責(zé),這些壞家伙都是一些想支配他人的“機(jī)器”,他們過(guò)于我行我素,很少有親近社會(huì)的行為。
④其實(shí),中國(guó)小說(shuō)中的角色也有類似的現(xiàn)象。比如在《三國(guó)演義》中,劉備是作者力捧的正面人物,不僅有“攜民渡江”的高度責(zé)任心,還一心一意要匡扶漢室,拯救天下蒼生;而曹操則是小說(shuō)中的大反派,“寧可我負(fù)天下人,不可教天下人負(fù)我”就是出自他口,而且挾天子以令諸侯,具有極強(qiáng)的權(quán)力欲和支配欲。
⑤專家們分析了調(diào)查結(jié)果后認(rèn)為,這些對(duì)立的小說(shuō)角色其實(shí)反映了人類經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的狩獵-采集原始社會(huì)后形成的集體觀念,在那樣的社會(huì)中,由于要和自然界進(jìn)行艱苦的抗?fàn),個(gè)人的強(qiáng)勢(shì)被部落集體的利益所壓制了。而小說(shuō)中恰恰反映了個(gè)人支配欲和集體利益之間的根本對(duì)立,雖然在今天的世界上很少有人還生活在狩獵-采集社會(huì),但這個(gè)永恒的主題依然讓小說(shuō)深入人心,因?yàn)樗拇_反映了遠(yuǎn)古形成的人性。
⑥另外一些角色的分?jǐn)?shù)介于好人和壞人之間,比如《呼嘯山莊》中的西斯科里夫或者《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》中的達(dá)西先生,他們?cè)谛≌f(shuō)中的出現(xiàn)表明,人們?yōu)榱司S護(hù)集體的社會(huì)秩序,對(duì)個(gè)人產(chǎn)生了壓力,這種沖突以這些角色的形式被反映了出來(lái)。
⑦小說(shuō)就像是一種粘合社會(huì)的膠水,增強(qiáng)了那些能造福整個(gè)社會(huì)的行為,這些行為可能是人類在與環(huán)境的抗?fàn)幹兄饾u進(jìn)化出來(lái)的。另一方面,小說(shuō)和某些社會(huì)警示故事的效果是一樣的。在原始社會(huì),打獵為生的原始人談?wù)撘恍┤说钠垓_和欺凌弱小的行為,以達(dá)到不讓壞人得償所愿的目的。而小說(shuō)同樣起到了這個(gè)效果,人們通過(guò)閱讀小說(shuō),了解了壞人的伎倆,避免自己今后上當(dāng)受騙。
⑧小說(shuō)不僅是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物,它實(shí)際上也正在影響人類社會(huì)未來(lái)的進(jìn)化。
【小題1】閱讀第①段,說(shuō)說(shuō)“為什么名著能夠經(jīng)受時(shí)間和文化的洗禮而流傳下來(lái)”。
【小題2】第⑤段中“永恒的主題”指的是什么?
【小題3】結(jié)合全文,談?wù)勀銓?duì)最后一段的理解。
【小題4】請(qǐng)結(jié)合《簡(jiǎn)?愛(ài)》或《水滸傳》的內(nèi)容,位第③段或第④段增加一個(gè)事實(shí)論據(jù)。
第(    )段:                                                        

【小題1】文字優(yōu)美,故事情節(jié)動(dòng)人,深刻地剖析了人性。(每個(gè)要點(diǎn)1分)
【小題1】集體觀念。
【小題1】因?yàn)樾≌f(shuō)反映了人類在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中所形成的觀念,所以小說(shuō)是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物;小說(shuō)能夠增強(qiáng)造福整個(gè)社會(huì)的行為,同時(shí)警示人們不要上當(dāng)受騙,促進(jìn)人性的良性發(fā)展,從而影響人類社會(huì)未來(lái)的進(jìn)化。
【小題1】略。解析:

【小題1】每個(gè)要點(diǎn)1分
【小題1】或者:人性的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì),如有責(zé)任心、教養(yǎng)、愛(ài)心等。
【小題1】
【小題1】(《簡(jiǎn)?愛(ài)》《水滸傳》分別對(duì)應(yīng)第③④段,1分;符合名著內(nèi)容,2分;從正反兩方面準(zhǔn)確論述,2分。)
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