Harmful microbes (微生物) like bacteria (細菌), viruses (病毒) and other germs (病菌) are pathogens (病原體). They may enter your bodies and make you ill. The immune system (免疫系統(tǒng)) is the body’s defence (防衛(wèi)) system that protects you from illness and disease caused by the pathogens.

The immune system is made up of non-specialized defences such as skin, tears and the acidic juice produced by the stomach, keeping you from the pathogens. It also has some highly specialized defences, which are different kinds of immune cells (細胞), grouped into phagocytes (噬菌細胞) and lymphocytes (淋巴細胞). Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell. They are swimming around in your blood stream, always on the lookout for antigens (抗原) —the pathogens that have entered your bodies. Whenever they see one, they will eat it. However, some antigens are hard to find and kill. Then lymphocytes, which are also white blood cells and the main types are B cells, T helper cells and T killer cells, will be the killers of the sneaky antigens. B cells, T helper and T killer cells work together to find and kill these antigens. B cells produce substances, called antibodies, which stick to the antigen. When that happens, it will tell the T helper cells to come over and either: 1. help the B cells kill the antigen, or 2. call the phagocytes or T killer cells to move in for the kill. Once a B cell or a T cell attacks an antigen, they create cells to “remember” it. Those “memory cells” hang out in your blood and if they see the same antigen again, they quickly recognize (識別) it so your immune system can act faster at killing it.

The immune system is more powerful than you probably imagine. Scientists from the University of Pennsylvania recently took immune cells from three patients with leukemia (白血病), then genetically changed them into “serial killer” cells to attack cancer cells. The study was small but the results were ground-breaking. The modified immune cells increased at least 1,000 times in the body and killed all the cancer cells. Therefore, more “memory cells” were created.

The immune system can be developed. Eating lean protein food (beef, beans) and food rich in vitamins A, C and E (sweet potatoes, carrots)，taking a 30-minute walk every day and reducing your stress levels, will help you achieve it.

1.The immune system can _________.

A. keep you from antibodies. B. protect you against antigens.

C. make your bodies weak and sick. D. help microbes enter your bodies.

2.How are the sneaky antigens found and killed

A. B cells produce antibodies to tell T helper and T killer cells.

B. B cells create “memory cells” to swim around in the blood.

C. Skin, tears, acidic juice and immune cells work together.

D. Phagocytes, B cells, T helper and T killer cells work together.

3.After a B cell or a T cell attacks an antigen, they create _________.

A. phagocytes B. lymphocytes C. memory cells D. serial killer

4.The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to _________.

A. Less antigens can be killed by the immune system

B. The immune system can be changed into the “serial killer”

C. White blood cells act less quickly in the immune system

D. The immune system can be made more powerful

5.This article is mainly about _________.

A. the types of white blood cells B. an introduction to the immune system

C. a research report about human health D. the cause of illness and disease

A.Show your talents.

B.Put yourself out there.

C.Practise talking.

D.Change your shy look.

E.Ask your friends to introduce you to their friends

Are you a shy person? Does the thought of having a conversation make your stomach turn? That’s OK. Everyone is a little shy. This article may help you overcome (克服) your shyness.

1. This seems clear – the best way to meet people is to actively look for places out where you can meet people! Go to the dance party at your school or the Christmas get-together. Try to meet at least one person by the end of the night.

2. Even though this may sound strange – stand in front of a mirror or close your eyes, and then imagine yourself talking to someone – it is very helpful.

3. Making new friends is a great way to overcome shyness. Although that may sound useless, it really isn’t.

4. For example, if you like art, you can consider painting something for a party. It will be easier to make you feel comfortable. On the other hand, don’t be afraid to discover some new interests.

5. Take a moment to look at yourself. Are you the kind of person who wears dark clothes? This makes you very unapproachable (不可親近的). Wear brighter clothes. Go from wearing black, brown, and blue to wearing green, yellow and oranges. Remember, you don’t always have to change your look. You can just simply make your expression more friendly. Let people know that it’s OK to talk with you.

1.Mr Smith __________ (未出席) the match yesterday.

2.He likes horses and is taking __________ (騎馬) lessons.

3.The teachers will have two important __________ (會議) in the hall today.

4.They have just __________ (eat) breakfast.

5.They were friends in the past but they’re __________ (someone who hates you and wants to harm you) now.

1.The train to Lhasa will leave in two hours. （對劃線部分提問）

______________ _____________ will the train to Lhasa leave?

2.We recycle paper and glass in order to help save our world. (改為同義句)

We recycle paper and glass ____________ _____________ we can help save our world.

3.我們英語老師通常對我們要求很嚴格。 (根據(jù)漢語意思和英文提示，完成句子)

Our English teacher are usually ______________ ______________ us.

4.王先生的新書上個月出版了。 (根據(jù)漢語意思和英文提示，完成句子)

Mr Wang’s new book ______________ ______________ last month.

5.那件夾克我喜歡，我可以試穿一下嗎？(根據(jù)漢語意思和英文提示，完成句子)

I like that jacket. May I ______________ it ______________?

How time flies! My three-year middle school life will be over soon. Looking back, I have many memories of my English study. When I 1. (enter) the middle school, I had so many difficulties with my English. I was not able to understand the teacher in class, and I couldn’t master the words and phrases. For a time I wanted 2. (give) it up. 3. (late), with the help of the teacher and my classmates, I listened to the teacher 4. (care) in class, kept on reading English every day and spoke as much as possible. Step by step I made great progress in English. In a word, only when you develop interest in 5. (study) English can you learn it well.

A:What shall we do this afternoon? What about collecting emptpy bottles in the park?

B: 1. By the way, what shall we do with the empty bottles?

A:Let’s sell them to the recycling centre.

B:Then we will have some money, won’t we?

A:Yes, 2.. We can use the money to help a boy named Mike.

B:A boy named Mike? 3.

A:Both his parents died in a traffic accident last month.

B:4.

A:So we can use the money to buy some books and clothes for him.

B:I agree with you. 5. shall we meet?

A:What about at two o’clock?

B:All right. See you then.

隨著手機的普及，越來越多的人癡迷于手機，紛紛加入低頭族。請你參考下圖反映的現(xiàn)象及內容提示，圍繞“拒為低頭族”（stop phubbing），用英語寫一篇80詞左右短文。開頭已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。

內容提示：

1.我身邊也有很多低頭族，非常喜歡玩手機。

2.他們不停用手機發(fā)信息、上網(wǎng)、玩游戲或拍照。

3.影響學習和生活。上課或工作時間玩手機極大浪費時間。

4.引發(fā)健康問題，長時間玩手機引發(fā)眼、背、頸痛。

Nowadays, lots of people have their own mobile phones, but more and more people are crazy about their mobile phones. It is common to see people staring at their mobile phone everywhere all the time, taking no notice of the people around them. ________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

—Remember________the door when you leave the room．

—OK，I will．

A. to lock

B. locking

C. lock

D. locked

(2013江蘇揚州)—Could you tell me________?

—More than a year．

A. how soon will Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport be built

B. how long has Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport been in service

C. how soon Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport will be built

D. how long Yangzhou-Taizhou Airport has been in service

---Mum, I’ve got the first prize in the photo competition.

---____________

A. Good luck! B. Not at all. C. Good idea! D. Congratulation!