Question

【題目】Some people are like homing pigeons: Drop them off anywhere, and they’ll find their way around. Other people, though, can’t tell when they’re holding a map upside down. Are the directionally challenged just bad learners?

Not all of your navigational (導(dǎo)航的)skills are learned. Research shows that your sense of direction is innate. An innate ability is something you are born with. Your brain has special navigational neurons—head-direction cells, place cells, and grid cells (網(wǎng)格細(xì)胞)—and they help program your inside compass when you’re just a baby.

In 2010, scientists carried out an experiment to study baby rats’ neural activity in their brains. Although the rats were newborns, the researchers discovered that their head-direction cells (which help them recognize the direction they’re facing) were fully grown and developed. The rats, it seemed, were born with a sense of direction. And they hadn’t even opened their eyes yet!

Humans, of course, are not rats. But the hippocampus—the brain area we use for navigation—is similar in most mammals. If the rat’s compass develops this way, then it’s likely that a human’s compass does, too.

If we’re born with a sense of direction, then why are some people so good at getting lost? The scientists found that the two other cells—place and grid cells—developed within the first month. Place cells are thought to help us form a map in our mind, while grid cells help us navigate new and unfamiliar places. The two cells work together, and that’s where the trouble might be.

People who took part in a 2013 study played a video game that required them to travel quickly between different places. Monitoring their brains, the scientists found that grid cells helped the gamers recognize where they were—even without landmarks. According to researcher Michael Kahana, differences in how grid cells work may help explain why some people have a better sense of direction than others.

【1】What did the 2010 research find?

A. Rats have a natural ability to recognize directions.

B. Rats’ hippocampus is different from that of humans.

C. Rats usually find their way without opening their eyes.

D. Baby rats have as many head-direction cells as grown-ups.

【2】What do we know about our navigational neurons?

A. Place cells let us know how to read a map.

B. Grid cells help us reach the place we are going to.

C. They help us use a compass when we lose our way.

D. Place and grid cells grow later than head-direction cells.

【3】Why are some people so good at getting lost?

A. They can’t remember landmarks.

B. Their grid cells can’t work very well.

C. They are unfamiliar with new places.

D. Their ability to follow directions is poor.

【4】What is the text mainly about?

A. Human navigational skills.

B. The compass in rats’ body.

C. Why grid cells are useful.

D. How homing pigeons work.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】A

【2】D

【3】B

【4】A

【解析】

試題分析：本文屬于科普類短文，有些人天生就可以識別方向不會迷路，但另外一些人卻經(jīng)常會迷失方向。文章通過介紹一項對老鼠的實驗結(jié)果告訴我們?nèi)说姆较蚋惺翘焐�就有的，有些人迷路是因為grid cells所起效果不好。

【1】A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段后兩句The rats, it seemed, were born with a sense of direction. And they hadn’t even opened their eyes yet!可知剛剛出生的老鼠就已經(jīng)有了明確的方向感，說明老鼠識別方向的能力是天生的。故A正確。

【2】D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段第二句The scientists found that the two other cells—place and grid cells—developed within the first month.可知place and grid cells是在出生以后第一個月里形成的。而head-direction cells是天生就有的，也就是說place and grid cells晚于head-direction cells。故D項正確。

【3】B 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段第三句中.....while grid cells help us navigate new and unfamiliar places.可知grid cells幫助我們確定新的不熟悉的地方。人們會迷路就是因為grid cells沒有很好地發(fā)揮作用。故B項正確。

【4】A 主旨大意題。本文屬于科普類短文，有些人天生就可以識別方向不會迷路，但另外一些人卻經(jīng)常會迷失方向。文章通過介紹一項對老鼠的實驗結(jié)果告訴我們?nèi)说姆较蚋惺翘焐�就有的，有些人迷路是因為grid cells所起效果不好。所以A項“Human navigational skills”符合文章的中心思想。