Question

11．The economic growth that many nations in Asia and increasingly Africa have experienced over the past couple of decades has transformed hundreds of millions of lives-almost entirely for the better．But there's a byproduct to that growth，one that's evident-or sometimes less than evident-in the smoggy，smelly skies above cities like Beijing，New Delhi and Jakarta．Thanks to new cars and power plants，air pollution is bad and getting worse in much of the world，and it's taking a major toll （傷亡人數(shù)，代價(jià)） on global health．
How big？According to a new analysis published in the Lancet，more than 3.2 million people suffered deaths from air pollution in 2010，the largest number on record．That's up from 800，000 in 2000．And it's a regional problem：65% of those deaths occurred in Asia，where the air is choked by diesel soot （內(nèi)燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)煙霧） from cars and trucks，as well as the song from power plants and the dust from endless urban construction．In East Asia and China，1.2 million people died，as well as another 712，000 in South Asia，including India．For the first time ever，air pollution is on the world's top-10 list of killers，and it's moving up the ranks faster than any other factor．
So how can air pollution be so damaging？It is the very finest soot-so small that it roots deep within the lungs and from the enters the bloodstream-that contributes to most of the public-health toll of air pollution including death．Diesel soot，which can also cause cancer，is a major problem because it is concentrated in cities along transportation zones affecting overpopulated areas．It is thought to contribute to half the deaths from air pollution in urban centers．Fro example，1 in 6 people in the U．S．live near a diesel-pollution hot spot like a rail yard，port terminal or freeway．
We also know that air pollution may be linked to other non-deadly diseases．Fortunately in the U．S．a(chǎn)nd other developed nations，urban air is for the most part cleaner than it was 30 or 40 years ago，thanks to regulations and new technologies like the catalytic converters （催化式排氣凈化器） that reduce automobile emissions．Govemments are also pushing to make air cleaner-see the White House's move last week to further tighten soot standards．It's not perfect，but we've had much more success dealing with air pollution than climate change．
Will developing nations like India eventually catch up？Hopefully-though the problem may get worse before it gets better．The good news is that it doesn't take a major technological advance to improve urban air．Switching from diesel fuel to unleaded （無(wú)鉛燃油） helps，as do newer and cleaner cars which are less likely to send out pollutants．Power plants-even ones that burn mineral fuels like coal-can be fitted with pollution-control equipment that，at a price，will greatly reduce smog and other pollutants．
But the best solutions may involve urban design．In the Guardian，John Vidal notes that Delhi now has 200 cars per 1，000 people，far more than much richer Asian cities like Hong Kong and Singapore．Developing cities will almost certainly see an increase in care ownership as residents become wealthier-and that doesn't have to mean deadly air pollution．Higher incomes should also lead to tougher environmental regulations，witch is exactly what happened in the West．We can only hope it happens before the death toll from bad air gets even higher．
41．What tends to give rise to the highest death toll according to the passage？D
A．The lack of tight environmental protection standards．
B．The increasing numbers of the diesel cars and trucks．
C．The frighteningly high death rate from deadly cancer．
D．The world's serious air pollution such as soot and dust．
42．The"byproduct"（Paragraph 1）most probably refers toA
A．consequence      B．solution         C．reform           D．design
43．The basic reason why so many people die from air pollution is thatC
A．the diesel soot is too small to be seen
B．the diesel soot is much too poisonous to breathe
C．the diesel soot roots in lungs and gets into blood
D．the diesel soot can also contribute to deadly cancer
44．According to the passage，the writer actually wants to convince the readers thatD   
A．the global economic growth is mainly to blame for air pollution and climate change
B．the developing countries are repeating the same mistakes as the developed ones made
C．the ecological situation and air pollution in India are becoming worse and worse
D．the unbeatable air is increasingly becoming a major killer throughout the world 
45．By describing urban design as"the best solution"in the last paragraph，the writer means thatB
A．the making of tougher environmental regulations alone is of little use
B．more sever regulations should be made to handle air pollution
C．the urban construction in western developed countries is the best choice
D．the pace of development has to be slowed down to reduce air pollution．

Answer 1

分析 本文屬于說(shuō)明文閱讀，作者通過(guò)這篇文章主要向我們描述了亞洲和日益增長(zhǎng)的非洲經(jīng)濟(jì)使人們的生活更好了，但是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的空氣污染，最終導(dǎo)致越來(lái)越多的人死于和空氣污染有關(guān)的疾�。�究其原因是極細(xì)小的顆粒進(jìn)入人的肺里和血液中，最終導(dǎo)致致命的疾�。�人民的生活水平提高了，車也多了，但是相應(yīng)的更嚴(yán)厲的治理空氣污染的法規(guī)政策也應(yīng)該跟上，這樣才不會(huì)使由于空氣污染導(dǎo)致的死亡率更高．

解答 41．D．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章第一段的Thanks to newcars and power plants，air pollution is bad and getting worse in much of theworld，and it's taking a major toll on global health．（由于新車和發(fā)電廠，在世界許多的地方空氣污染變得更嚴(yán)重了，它成為了全球健康傷亡的主要原因．）和第二段的For the first time ever，air pollution ison the world's top-10 list of killers，and it's moving up the ranks fasterthan any other factor．（歷史上第一次，空氣污染高居世界最高峰-10大殺手名單，比其他因素攀升的都快．）可知空氣污染導(dǎo)致了最高死亡人數(shù)，故選D．
42．A．詞意猜測(cè)題．byproduct 意為副產(chǎn)品，根據(jù)本句句意：但是經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)了一個(gè)"副產(chǎn)品"，一個(gè)有時(shí)明顯有時(shí)不太明顯的副產(chǎn)品，在像北京、新德里和雅加達(dá)這樣的城市上空彌漫著霧蒙蒙、難聞的氣味．所以在這里byproduct 就是經(jīng)濟(jì)的后果，發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)以犧牲環(huán)境為代價(jià)．故選A．
43．C．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章第三段"It is the very finest soot-so small that it roots deep within the lungs and from the enters the bloodstream-that contributes to most of the public-health toll of air pollution including death．"是那些非常細(xì)小的煙霧-如此細(xì)小以至于它深深植根于在肺里然后進(jìn)入到血液里-導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)公眾由于空氣污染患上健康問(wèn)題甚至死亡．由此判斷空氣污染導(dǎo)致死亡的基本原因；故選C．
44．D．主題歸納題．通讀全文，可知本文主要講述的是經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展帶來(lái)的空氣污染進(jìn)而致人死亡的問(wèn)題．其他為次要問(wèn)題．故選D．
45．B．推理判斷題．根據(jù)文章最后一段"Higher incomes should also lead to tougher environmental regulations"更高的收入意味著更有利的環(huán)保措施，正如西方國(guó)家一樣．可推測(cè)富了更應(yīng)該有更嚴(yán)厲的規(guī)章制度來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)空氣污染．故選B．

點(diǎn)評(píng) 考察學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力，做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)一定要找到文章中的原句，和題干進(jìn)行比較，再做出正確的選擇．在做推理判斷題不要以個(gè)人的主觀想象代替文章的事實(shí)，要根據(jù)文章事實(shí)進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．