14.It is believed that the success of humans as a species depends to a large extent on our ability to cooperate in groups.Much more so than any other animal,people are able to coordinate and join their forces and actions to produce mutual(共同的) benefits.
New research involving Dr Lucas Molleman,an expert at the University of Nottingham,suggests that successful cooperation in groups depends on how people gather information about their peers,and how they base their cooperative decisions on it.
Biologists wonder how cooperation could have developed by natural selection:It is puzzling how cooperation can be beneficial when it is possible to behave selfishly and take advantage of the cooperative efforts of your group.Psychologists and economists try hard to understand why many people are willing to sacrifice their own welfare to benefit their social environment.
Dr Molleman,from the center for Decision Research and Experimental Economics,said,"The question that our research tries to answer is:‘How do people make decisions when their actions can affect the welfare of others?'More specifically,we want to know how people determine their behavior when they have to cooperate in groups."In these situations,a beneficial outcome for the whole group can be achieved if everyone cooperates.Individually,however,people might be better off by making selfish choices.It is possible that people pay close attention to their fellow group mates when they make decisions.For instance,they cooperate if others also cooperate,but act selfishly when others do not cooperate.
Dr Pieter Van Den Berg from the University of Groningen said,"From previous research we know that some people are‘majority-oriented (以多數(shù)人為方向的)'and tend to look at the behavior of the majority in their group,whereas others are‘success-oriented'and try to find out what kind of behavior pays off best for themselves."
Dr Molleman said,"It turns out that behavior in groups of success-oriented people was much more selfish than it in groups of majority-oriented people.As a consequence,the people in the majority-oriented groups tended to earn more money in the experiment since they cooperated more."

28.According to the passage,what is special about human being?B
A.They are likely to communicate well with others.
B.They are capable of working together with others.
C.They are strong to survive some natural disasters.
D.They are easy to get access to various information.
29.What does the underlined word"it"in paragraph 2refer to?C
A.Research.
B.Cooperation.
C.Information.
D.Group.
30.The author writes Paragraph 4 toA.
A.let us know how people make cooperative decisions
B.show us the importance of cooperative decisions
C.tell us how to make other people cooperate in a group
D.remind us of the advantages of cooperating with each other
31.From the passage,we can infer thatD.
A.people are more concerned about which group they are supposed to select
B.the efforts of success-oriented people are more likely to pay off
C.people make a wise decision based on observing others'behaviors carefully
D.people perform differently when they make decisions.

分析 本文屬于說明文閱讀,作者通過這篇文章主要向我們描述了人的特點是他們能夠與其他人一起工作,在合作的決定上不同的人的表現(xiàn)不同.

解答 28.B.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第一段Much more so than any other animal,people are able to coordinate and join their forces and actions to produce mutual(共同的) benefits可知人的特點是他們能夠與其他人一起工作;故選B.
29.C.詞義猜測題.根據(jù)第二段suggests that successful cooperation in groups depends on how people gather information about their peers,and how they base their cooperative decisions on it建議在小組合作成功取決于人們?nèi)绾问占械男畔,以及他們(nèi)绾螢樽约旱暮献鳑Q策上;可知意為信息;故選C.
30.A.段落大意題.根據(jù)第四段It is possible that people pay close attention to their fellow group mates when they make decisions.For instance,they cooperate if others also cooperate,but act selfishly when others do not cooperate可知作者寫4段讓我們知道人們是如何合作的決定;故選A.
31.D.推理判斷題.根據(jù)第四段It is possible that people pay close attention to their fellow group mates when they make decisions.For instance,they cooperate if others also cooperate,but act selfishly when others do not cooperate可知人們做決定時表現(xiàn)不同;故選D.

點評 考察學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力,做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句,和題干進(jìn)行比較,再做出正確的選擇.在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實,要根據(jù)文章事實進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷.

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