11．TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language，which assesses the proficiency （熟練） of English language of a person in an academic setting．Various institutions，scholarship programs require this test as a trusted and effective indicator of a person's ability to communicate in English．
TOEFL is available in CBT----Computer-based Technology，PBT----Paper-based Technology and IBT----Internet-based Test formats（形式）to assess the proficiency of English Language．IBT TOEFL is a four-hour test comprising sections：Reading，Listening，Speaking and Writing．In areas where internet-based test is not available，a paper-based test （PBT） is given．PBT is a three-hour test comprising four sections：Listening，Structure and Written Expression，Reading Comprehension and Writing．
Taking TOEFL test opens many doors to get admission in foreign universities．More than 7500colleges，universities and agencies in more than 130countries rely on TOEFL test scores to check proficiency for English Language．It is very convenient to take this test and it is available in 165countries world wide．
It measures your academic skills that whether you are ready to study or train at under graduate or post graduate level in foreign universities or not．In the test candidates are provided with a passage from text books and questions based on lectures，and you can be asked to speak or write in response related to that passage．
As the test is made up of 100% academic questions，so many universities consider it the most effective test，while taking any admission．To take TOEFL test you should：
-----Improve your writing skills；
-----Improve your vocabulary；
-----Practice other reading passages on the TOEFL Test；
-----Be familiar with the format of the test；
-----Practice for listening test on the TOEFL test．
To take admission in World's famous Harvard University，the minimum TOEFL score required is 587on the paper-based test，240on the computer-based test，or 94-95on the internet-based TOEFL．

60．The underlined word"comprising"in Paragraph 2probably meansA．
A．including    B．forming      C．combining   D．explaining
61．Which section is Not included in IBT TOEFL？D
A．Reading．         B．Writing．
C．Speaking．        D．Structure and Written Expression．
62．According to the passage，many students are required to take TOEFL test probably because the test canB．
A．improve their academic skills
B．indicate their proficiency of English language
C．provide scholarship programs in many countries
D．decide your graduation from foreign universities
63．What would be the best title for the passage？B
A．Advantages of TOEFL test           B．Introduction to TOEFL test
C．Preparations for TOEFL test        D．Assessment of TOEFL test．

分析 文章是關(guān)于托�？荚嚨恼f(shuō)明文．文章介紹了什么是托福考試，托福考試的分類和如何備考等方面的內(nèi)容．

解答 60．A 61．D     62．B      63．B
60．A  猜測(cè)詞義題．根據(jù)"comprising sections：Reading，Listening，Speaking and Writing"可知，IBT TOEFL包含讀、聽、說(shuō)、寫四部分．因此劃線詞是"包含"的意思．故選A．
61．D  細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)"IBT TOEFL is a four-hour test comprising sections：Reading，Listening，Speaking and Writing．"可知，IBT TOEFL包含四部分，沒(méi)有 Structure and Written Expression．故選D．
62．B 根據(jù)第一、二段的"Various institutions，scholarship programs require this test as a trusted and effective indicator of a person's ability to communicate in English．和to assess the proficiency of the English Language"可知，托福考試主要是評(píng)估人們熟練運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的程度．故選B．
63．B 文章分別介紹了什么是托�？荚嚕煌懈？荚嚨姆N類；托�？荚嚨膬�(yōu)勢(shì)和怎樣準(zhǔn)備托�？荚嚕恼率且黄P(guān)于托�？荚嚨慕榻B．B項(xiàng)概括得最全面．故選B．

點(diǎn)評(píng) 本題主要考查學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力，做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)一定要找到文章中的原句，和題干進(jìn)行比較，再做出正確的選擇．在做推理判斷題不要以個(gè)人的主觀想象代替文章的事實(shí)，要根據(jù)文章事實(shí)進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．

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20．In most situations，light helps us see．But when it comes to looking at the night sky，light is actually a kind of pollution．It prevents our view of some of life's most striking sights：stars，planets，and even galaxies（銀河系）．
"When I was a little boy，I loved the night sky．I remember looking up and the sky was filled with stars．I became an astronomer because I was amazed by their beauty，"says Robert Gent，"Now in most big cities kids can't see the stars like I did．"
      Normally，about 2，500 individual （單個(gè)的） stars are visible to the human eyes without using any special equipment．But because of light pollution，you actually see just 200 to 300 and fewer than a dozen from some cities．Only one in three Americans can see our own galaxy with the naked eyes．Those people live far away from the lights of big cities，office buildings，and shopping malls．
      Fortunately，there's an inexpensive and useful way．If we shine lights down at the ground instead of up into the sky，and use lower brightness levels，we can save big amounts of energy and keep the beauty of the night sky．Many cities and towns have passed laws limiting lights at night，making sure enough shine for safety without creating much light pollution．
      Light pollution affects more than our view of the heavens and can harm wildlife．Migrating birds（候鳥） sometimes fly over cities and become confused by the brightness，flying in circles until they drop from exhaustion．  Sea turtles need dark beaches for nesting and won't approach bright lights．Too much light at night may even affect human health．For all these reasons，researchers are working on ways to use lights only when and where they are truly needed．Everyone deserves to look up at the sky．
 
71．According to the text，using our naked eyes，A．
A．people in remote areas can see more stars than those in big cities
B．over one third Americans can see our own galaxy 
C．a(chǎn)bout one in three Americans in big cities can see our own galaxy  
D．Americans can only see 200 to 300 stars
72．Many cities and towns have passed laws limiting lights at night mainly toD．
A．save the electricity                        
B．make sure of migrating birds'safety    
C．let you count the number of stars             
D．a(chǎn)void much light pollution
73．What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about？B
A．The cause of light pollution
B．The way to reduce light pollution
C．The effect of light pollution．
D．People's attitude towards light pollution
74．The underlined word"exhaustion"in the last paragraph meansB．
A．a(chǎn)ir pollution        B．tiredness          C．breath      D．brightness
75．Which would be the best title for the text？A
A．Light Pollution   B．Seeking the Sky   C．Stars in the Sky      D．City Pollution．

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解

1．Nobody knows who first invented it，but the umbrella was used in very ancient times．Probably the first to use it were the Chinese，back in the eleventh century B．C．To use it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains．But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain．It was first used as a shade against the sun．
We know it was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade．And there was a strange thing connected with its use； it became a symbol of honor and authority．In the Far East in ancient times，the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royal people or by those in high office．
In Europe，the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade．And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece．But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrellas as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans．
During the Middle Ages，the use of the umbrella practically disappeared．Then it appeared again in Italy in the late 16th century．And again it became a symbol of power and  authority．By 1680，the umbrella appeared in France，and later on in England．
By the eighteenth century，the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe．Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time，though they have become much lighter in weight．It wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made in a variety of colors．

67．Which of the following statements is not true about the umbrella？C
A．No one exactly knows who was the inventor of the umbrella．
B．The umbrella was first invented to be used as protection against the sun．
C．The umbrella changed much in style in the eighteenth century．
D．In Europe，the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella．
68．The underlined word"authority"meansC．
A．being popular     B．being useful
C．being powerful    D．being enjoyable
69．In Europe，the umbrella was first used against the rainB．
A．in Rome         B．by the eighteen century
C．in Greece       D．during the Middle Ages
70．This passage talks mainly aboutD．
A．when and how the umbrella was invented
B．why the umbrella was so popular in Europe
C．the development of the umbrella
D．the history and use of the umbrella．

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