Question

Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens (獎(jiǎng)券) for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys，grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A．Only monkeys and humans can have the sense of fairness in the world.

B．In the wild, monkeys are never unhappy to share their food with each other.

C．Women will show more dissatisfaction than men when unfairly treated.

D．Monkeys can exchange cucumbers for grapes, for grapes are more attractive.

2.The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that ________.

A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

B．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

C．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

D．feeling angry at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

3.Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are _________.

A．more likely to pay attention to the value of what they get

B．a(chǎn)ttentive to researchers’ instructions

C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

D．more ready to help others than their male companions

4.We can learn ________according to the passage?

A．Human beings' feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

B．Cooperation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

C．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating back to 35 million years ago.

5.What can we infer about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

A．The monkeys can be trained to develop social senses.

B．The monkeys may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

C．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

D．Cooperation among the monkeys remains effective in the wild.

 

Answer 1

【答案】

1.C

2.D

3.A

4.B

5.B

【解析】

試題分析：本文是是一篇研究報(bào)告，介紹了猴子對(duì)于公平性的態(tài)度，和人類一樣，如果受到公平的對(duì)待，那么會(huì)很合作。受到不公平的對(duì)待以后，人們會(huì)生氣或者反抗等等。

1.C 推理題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.說明女性比男性更加注意公平性這方面的問題，故C項(xiàng)正確。

2.D 推理題。根據(jù)第一段Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness.suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.說明對(duì)于不公平感到生氣行為在猴子里也是一樣存在的，故D正確。

3.A 推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后3行They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.說明這種猴子更可能注意到自己的所受到的待遇問題，以及公平性的問題。故A正確。

4.B 推理題。根據(jù)最后一段2,3行Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.說明猴子在感覺到北欺騙之前都是很合作的，如果感覺到自己被騙了，他就會(huì)不合作了，這由第二段中的實(shí)驗(yàn)也可以得知。故B正確。

5.B 推斷題。根據(jù)Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.說明如果他們被公平對(duì)待，那么他們會(huì)很滿意很合作。故B正確。

考點(diǎn)：考查科學(xué)報(bào)告類短文閱讀

點(diǎn)評(píng)：本文文章內(nèi)容較難，要求考生有很強(qiáng)的中長句分析能力，考查推理題較多，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。推理題要根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即對(duì)原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜合。