Bruce Alberts, the former President of the National Academies (USA), has now taken over as Editor-in Chief of Science. Judging by his editorial in this week’s issue Considering Science Education there could be some interesting times ahead in Science offices.
Here’s part of what Bruce has to say about science education…
I consider science education to be critically important to both science and the world, and I shall frequently deal with this topic on this page. Let’s start with a big-picture view. Science has greatly advanced our understanding of the natural world and has enabled the creation of countless medicines and useful devices. It has also led to behaviors that have improved lives. The public appreciates these practical benefits of science, and science and scientists are generally respected, even by those who are not familiar with how science works or what exactly it has discovered.
But society may less appreciate the advantage of having everyone acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that are central to practice of successful science: scientific habits of mind. These habits include a critical attitude toward established claims and a strong desire for logic and evidence. As famous astronomer Carl Sagan put it, science is our best detector (檢測器). Individuals and societies clearly need a means to logically test the constant clever attempts to operate our purchasing and political decisions. They also need to challenge what is unreasonable, including the intolerance that led to so many regional and global conflicts.
So how does this relate of science education? Might it be possible to encourage, across the world, scientific habits of mind, so as to create more rational (理性的) societies everywhere? In principle, a strong expansion of science education could provide the world with such an opportunity, but only if scientists, educators, and policy-makers redefine (重新定義) the goals of science education, beginning with college-level teaching. Rather than only conveying what science has discovered about the natural world, as is done now in most countries, we should provide first all students with the knowledge and practice of how to think like a scientist.
小題1: Which of the following is NOT included in the “scientific habits of mind”?
A．A critical attitude toward established claims.B．A strong desire for logic.
C．A clever and active mind.D．A strong desire for evidence.
小題2: What does the underlined phrase “such an opportunity” refer to in the last paragraph?
A．To create more rational societies everywhere.
B．To relate decision-making to science education.
C．To encourage science education around the world.
D．To set right goals of science education.
小題3:In Bruce Alberts’ opinion, which is the most important in science education?
A．Offering all students enough practice to drill their mind.
B．Equipping all students with a thinking model of a scientist.
C．Telling students what science has discovered about the natural world.
D．Advising all students to challenge all established scientific achievements.
小題4:Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A．Bruce Alberts, a great science educator
B．Science education and world peace
C．The government and science education
D．Bruce Alberts’ opinion on science education

小題1: C           
小題1:A
小題1:B
小題1:D
略
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

If you want to increase your vocabulary, the best way to do it might be to pick up a guitar, or learn the violin. A new study shows that learning to play a musical instrument makes the brain more able to remember words.
“Grown-ups with music training in their childhood can have better memory for words,” said Dr Agnes Chan of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, who did the research. “They can remember things that you tell them better than those who did not have music training when they were young.”
It seems that one can remember spoken words because his brain has a special part. “That part of the brain is larger in musicians than in non-musicians,” Dr Chan told BBC. “If that part of the brain is larger, it may be better developed and so this explains very nicely our results.”
Dr Chan and her workmates came to their conclusion after studying students. Their research is reported in the latest edition of the journal(雜志) Nature. “We did the experiment with 60 girl college students from our university and 30 of them have at least six years training with one western musical instrument (such as the violin and the piano) before the age of 12. The other 30 had received no music training. We tested their memory by reading them some words and asking them to remember these words—a very common test for memory. We found that people who have had music training can remember about 70% more information than those who have not had any music training.”
Dr Chan thinks the process(過程) of learning is more important than the actual instrument used. She also believes if one is able to remember words through learning to play instruments, he or she could have some very real benefits. Dr Chan thinks this could be developed into a medical way for patients who are suffering from memory loss.
小題1: According to the writer, learning to play a musical instrument helps to ______.
A．get more knowledge
B．live more happily
C．remember more words
D．make one become a musician
小題2:Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A．Dr Chan thinks people should have music training when they grow up.
B．Dr Chan thinks the special part of the brain doesn’t need developing.
C．Dr Chan thinks people should have music training when they are young.
D．Dr Chan thinks musicians have a larger brain than non-musicians.
小題3:How many students took part in Dr Chan’s research?
A．30 girl students.B．60 girl students.
C．17% of his students.D．60 girl and boy students.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Most children, even the youngest of children, are delighted to be around cats and dogs. But these pets carry plenty of germs and allergens（過敏原）,prompting researchers to ask: Are cats and dogs really safe for children？
A study finds that, contrary to many parents' fears, owning cats or dogs does not increase a child's risk of developing allergies, and in fact, may actually protect them. The study's lead author, Dr. Dennic Ownby of the Medical College of Georgia, says that even he was "very surprised" by the results. Ownby and colleagues followed more than 470 children from birth to age 6 or 7, comparing those exposed to cats and dogs during their first year of life to those who were not.
By using skin-prick tests for detecting common allergies, the researchers found that, contrary to what many doctors had been taught for years, children who had lived with a pet were not at greater risk.
Even more remarkable, children who had two or more dogs or cats had an even greater reduction, up to 77 percent, in risk of allergies. Researchers suggest this protective effect may be the result of early exposure to lots of bacteria that are carried by dogs and cats. Exposing young children to these bacteria helps" exercise" their immune systems early in life so that they're better able to resist allergic diseases later.
There's something very important in that first year of life when the immune system is developing that we can retrain it away from an allergic response, said Dr. William Davis.
And while researchers are not encouraging parents to buy dogs or cats just to reduce a child's allergy risk, they say if a family already has one or more animals, there's no need to get rid of them.
小題1:Why do the researchers feel “very surprised” by the results of the study?
A．Because the results are contrary to their expectation．
B．Because so many children are playing with cats and dogs．
C．Because parents are so much worried about their children．
D．Because children with animals may develop allergies easily．
小題2:Compared with children who have pets，those who haven’t  ______.
A．will lose the chance to develop immune system
B．may suffer allergic diseases more often
C．will reduce the harm from bacteria
D．can keep doctors away
小題3:It can be inferred from the passage that ______．
A．pets are ill-treated by their owners
B．less families would like to own cats and dogs
C．keeping pets is a good way to keep children healthy
D．the results of the study can make families with pets feel at ease
小題4:The underlined word “it” in the fifth paragraph refers to________.
A．the early life
B．a(chǎn)n allergic disease
C．immune system
D．something important
小題5:What may be the best title of the passage?
A．How to protect your kids from allergies
B．Your pets may be helping your kids
C．Bacteria do good to your kids
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Feel tired lately? Has a doctor said he can’t find anything wrong with you? Perhaps he has sent you to a hospital, but all the advanced equipment there shows that there is nothing wrong with you.
Then, consider this: you might be in a state of sub-health（亞健康）. Sub-health, also called the third state or gray state, is explained as a borderline（界限）state between health and disease.
According to the survey by the National Health Organization, over 45 percent of sub-healthy people are middle-aged or elderly. The percentage is even higher among people who work in management positions as well as students around exam-week.
Symptoms include a lack of energy, depression, slow reactions, insomnia, anger, and poor memory. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs.
The key to preventing and recovering from sub-health, according to some medical experts, is to form good living habits, alternate work and rest, exercise regularly, and take part in open air activities.
As for meals, people are advised to eat less salt and sugar. They should also eat more fresh vegetables, fruits, fish because they are rich in nutritional elements -- vitamins and other elements that are important to the body.
Nutrition experts point out that it is not good to eat too much at one meal because it may cause unhealthy changes in the digestive tract（消化道）. They also say that a balanced diet is very helpful in avoiding sub-health.
小題1:.
According to this passage, which of the following is true?
A．When you are in a state of sub-health, you should stay at home and keep silent.
B．When you are in a state of sub-health, you should go to see a doctor and buy some medicine.
C．When you are in a state of sub-health, you should have yourself examined in foreign countries.
D．When you are in a state of sub-health, you should find out the reasons and relax yourself.
小題2:.
. It may be easy for middle-aged people to get sub-healthy because _________.
A．they have used up their energyB．they have lost their living hopes
C．they have more pressure in life and workD．they begin to get older
小題3:.
. The key to preventing you from falling into a state of sub-health is that you should ________.
A．work hard B．sleep more
C．form good living habits D．take more medicine
小題4:.
. The underlined word “alternate” in this passage is closest in meaning to _________.
A．a(chǎn)rrange by turnsB．cause to take placeC．keep oneself busy with D．get tired of

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease－especially in changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought about this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is just “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. Both types have simply been called “well”. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively attempting to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body’s condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well”, in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. “Wellness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can struggle for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial influence on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.
小題1:Today’s medical care is placing more stress on                .
A．monitoring patients’ body functions
B．removing people’s bad living habits
C．ensuring people’s psychological well-being
D．keeping people in a healthy physical condition
小題2:Traditionally, a person is considered “well” if he or she                 .
A．is free from any kind of disease
B．does not have any physical handicaps
C．a(chǎn)ttempts to maintain the best possible health
D．keeps a proper balance between work and leisure
小題3:According to the passage, which of the following is WRONG?
A．Wellness is now just an ideal in many people’s mind.
B．Someone who drinks a few beers at home most nights is not healthy.
C．The concept of wellness can help people face the challenges of daily life.
D．A man without any physical or mental problem may not be really healthy.
小題4:According to the author, healthy people are those who                        .
A．do not have any symptoms of disease
B．have strong muscles as well as slim figures
C．try to keep healthy as possible, regardless of their limitations
D．can recover from illness even without seeking medical care

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling, or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. It may be games of football, hockey, golf, or tennis. It may be mountaineering.
Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains? This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activity to which men give their relaxation.
Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there are for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods.
If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a “team game”. We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no “matches” between “teams” of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend, there is obviously teamwork.
The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.
A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier (滑雪者) is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is not unusual for a man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and they certainly experience equal enjoyment.
小題1: The main difference between a sport and a game lies in       .
A．a(chǎn)ctivityB．uniformC．rulesD．skills
小題2: Mountaineering can be called a team sport because      .
A．mountaineers depend on each other while climbing
B．teams compete against each other
C．it is an Olympic event
D．there are five climbers on each team
小題3:Which of the following might be the best title?
A．How to Climb High MountainsB．Mountain Climbers
C．Challenging Sports ActivitiesD．Mountaineering

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

To get an extra 14 years of life, don't smoke, eat lots of fruits and vegetables, exercise regularly and drink alcohol in a proper amount．That is according to a study published this Monday in the Public Library of Science Medicine Journal．
After tracking more than 20,000 people aged 45 to 79 years in the United Kingdom from about 1993 to 2007, Kay-Tee Khaw of the University of Cambridge and his colleagues found that people who adopted these four healthy habits lived all average of 14 years longer than those who didn't．
“We've known for a long time that these behaviors are good things to do, but we've not seen this benefit before, ”said Susan Jebb, head of Nutrition and Health at Britain's Medical Research Council．“The benefit was also seen regardless of whether or not people were fat and what social class they came from．”
Study participants（參與者）scored a point each for not smoking, regular physical activity, eating five servings of fruits and vegetables a day and moderate alcohol intake．
Public health experts said they hoped the study would inspire governments to introduce policies helping people to adopt these changes．But because the study only observed people rather than testing specific changes, it would be impossible to conclude that people who suddenly adopted these healthy behaviors would surely gain 14 years．
“We can't say that any person could gain 14 years by doing these things, ”said Dr．Tim Armstrong, a physical activity expert at the World Health Organization．“The 14 years is an average across the population of what's theoretically（理論上地）possible．”
“Most people know that things like a good diet matter and that smoking isn't good for them, ”Susan Jebb said．“We need to work on providing people with much more practical support to help them change．”
小題1:Which of the following DOESN'T belong to the four healthy habits?
A．Eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day．
B．Do proper exercise in the morning every day．
C．Drinking alcohol in the proper amount every day．
D．Having a cigarette before going to bed every day．
小題2:We can learn from the passage that            ．
A．Susan Jebb did not take part in the study．
B．the study observed people as well as tested specific changes．
C．there's no need for people under 45 to adopt these good habits．
D．only those from first class can benefit from these healthy behaviors．
小題3:What can be inferred from the passage?
A．All the people are well aware of the harm of their bad habits．
B．People aged 45 to 70 have bad habits in the United Kingdom．
C．Governments should take measures to help people change their bad habits．
D．People have adopted the four healthy habits after knowing they're good．
小題4:What would be the best title for this passage?
A．Smoking and Drinking Cuts You 14 Years
B．How to Live a Much Healthier Life
C．Healthy Habits May Give Extra 14 Years
D．How to Make Your Life Longer Than Others

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

What is TOVIAZ?
TOVIAZ is a medicine used in adults to treat the symptoms of a condition called overactive bladder（膀胱）.
Who is TOVIAZ for?
Adults 18 years older with symptoms of overactive bladder.
Don’t take TOVIAZ if you:
★ Your stomach empties slowly.
★ Have eye problems.
★ Are allergic to any ingredients of TOVIAZ.
Possible side effects of TOVIAZ
★ Dry mouth.
★ Constipation
★ Dry eyes.
★ Trouble empting the bladder
These aren’t all possible side effects of TOVIAZ. For a complete list, ask your doctor.
How to take TOVIAZ:
★ Your doctor may give you the lower 4mg dose of TOVIAZ if you have severe kidney problem.
★ Take TOVIAZ with liquid and swallow the tablet whole. Do not chew, divide or crush the tablet.
★ You can take TOVIAZ with or without food.
★ If you miss a dose of TOVIAZ, start taking it again the next day.
Things you should keep in mind when taking TOVIAZ:
★ Decreased sweating and severe heat illness can occur when medicines such as TOVIAZ are used in hot environments.
★ Drinking alcohol while taking TOVIAZ may cause increased sleepiness.
小題1:
What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To show the importance of taking proper medicine.
B．To present a report on a scientific research.
C．To give information about a kind of medicine.
D．To teach patients ways of recovery from illness.
小題2:
The main function of TOVIAZ is to treat__________.
A．kidney problem
B．stomach problem
C．dry mouth or eyes
D．overactive bladder
小題3:
What can be inferred from the passage?
A．There are only four possible side effects of TOVIAZ.
B．It’s suggested that TOVIAZ be used for adults 18 years older.
C．Don’t take TOVIAZ if you are allergic to its ingredient.
D．You may feel excited while eating TOVIAZ with alcohol.
小題4:
Which of the statements about taking TOVIAZ is TRUE?
A．If you miss a dose of, do take it right away on the same day.
B．It’s OK to take it with food or without food.
C．Chew the tablet well before you swallow it.
D．Use TOVIAZ in hot environment to cure heat illness.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Football is so popular in China. Almost everyone is interested in the sport — young and old, boys and girls, and now even robots.
Last week at Hangzhou Guangming Middle School, kids from several schools played football with their robots.
Robot football was very different from human football. Only two robots played in each match. The field was as big as a ping-pong table. One half was black and the other was white. Each robot tried to catch the “football” and score a goal. The robot with more goals won.
Gao Linge, a boy from Guangming Middle School, helped make one of the robots for the match.
“My school bought the main board (主板),” said Gao, 14. “Then I decided what my robot looked like and made a computer programme for it.”
Gao’s robot was eight centimeters tall and had two arms. It had four sensors (傳感器) to “see” and “kick” the football.
Ying Xuehai, a 12-year-old student from Gao’s school, also made a robot. His robot played against Gao’s. The match decided who would go to the final game. Ying lost the game. So he gave many of his robot’s parts to Gao.
Even so, Gao’s robot didn’t win the final. It played well in the first five minutes. Then it slowed down. By the end of the match, it could hardly move. What was wrong? Gao and Ying found the problem — their robot ran out of batteries (電池)!
“We’ll solve the problem and beat the other school next time!” said the two boys.
小題1: How many robots are needed in one match?
A．Only one.B．Two.C．Three.D．Four.
小題2: The third paragraph mainly talks about ________.
A．a(chǎn) wonderful robot football game.B．how to let robots score more goals
C．the rules of the robot football games.D．the way for robots to win the match
小題3: Why did Gao Linge lose the final?
A．Because his robot had no power.B．Because he broke the rules of the match.
C．Because he used Ying Xuehai’s parts.D．Because his robot went wrong.
小題4: From the passage we know that if you want to take part in the match, ________.
A．you must go to Hangzhou.B．you must know something about computers
C．you must know how to play football on the playground
D．you must get along with Gao Linge and Ying Xuehai

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