14.It is common to consider learning as something that takes place in school,but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom,even from birth and people continue to learn throughout their lives.
Even before they enter school,young children learn to walk,to talk,and to use their hands to use toys,food,and other objects.They use all of their senses to learn about the sights,sounds,tastes,and smells in their environments.They learn how to communicate with their parents,grandparents, siblings,friends,and other people important to their world.When they enter school,children learn basic academic subjects such as reading,writing,and mathematics.They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom.They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished.They learn social skills for communicating with other children.After they finish school,people must learn to deal with many major changes that affect their lives,such as getting married,raising children,and finding and keeping a job.
Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do,the study of learning is important in many different fields.Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children.Psychologists,social workers,criminologists,and other human?service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people's behaviors.Employers,politicians,and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to affect the behaviors of workers,voters,and consumers.
Learning is closely related to memory,which is the storage of information in the brain.Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge,where this storage takes place,and how the brain later outputs knowledge when we need it.In contrast,psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person's experiences.
68.The underlined"siblings"in the second paragraph probably meansD.
A.teachers B.classmates
C.doctors D.brothers or sisters
69.Which period of children's life does they begin to know to behave well according to the passage?C
A.After they go into society B.Before they enter school
C.When they are at school D.Before they are born
70.Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?A
A.As a matter of fact,learning begins with formal school education.
B.Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate their students.
C.People need to understand how certain experiences change their behaviors.
D.Employers should study the principles of learning to manage their workers well.
71.The author mainly tries to tell usDin the last paragraph.
A.learning is only related to memory and experiences
B.psychologists are interested in how the brain stores knowledge
C.psychologists are more interested in a person's behavior
D.how the relationship between learning,brain and behavior works.
分析 人們通常認為學習是發(fā)生在學校里的事,但人們所學的很多東西是教室外的東西,甚至從出生就已經(jīng)開始,并且學習貫穿的人的一生.
解答 D C AD
68:D 詞義猜測題.分析siblings前后的詞語parents,grandparents,friends,可以推出siblings的意思不可能是doctors,再由下文"When they enter school,….",可以推出此時他們還不是學生,siblings的意思也不可能是teachers,classmates,故可以排除A、B、C三項.Siblings的意思為"兄弟姐妹".
69:C 句意理解題.文章第三段中"When they enter school,…They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished."可知,孩子們學習什么樣的行為可能得到獎勵,什么樣的行為可能受到懲罰,也就是孩子們在這個階段應該學會怎樣舉止得當.故答案為C.
70:A 正誤判斷題.由文章第二段首句"Even before they enter school,young children learn to walk,to talk,and to use their hands to use toys,food,and other objects."可知,學習是從兒童時期開始的,A項表述錯誤,符合題意,為正確答案.B、C、D三項分別從文章第三段的二、三、四句找到明確的表述.
71:D 段落大意題.文章最后一段,"研究記憶的心理學家們對于大腦如何儲存知識,這種儲存發(fā)生在什么時候,以及當我們需要這些知識時大腦如何想起來等等問題很感興趣.比較而言,研究學習的心理學家們則對于行為以及由于人們的經(jīng)歷怎樣改變了行為等問題更感興趣."可見,本段主要講述了兩類心理學家以及他們所感興趣的問題.涉及到了學習、大腦和行為的關(guān)系.
點評 做閱讀時經(jīng)常犯錯的主要原因是,僅憑讀過文章后殘留在腦海中的一絲印象來勾選答案,這樣便很容易掉入出題人故意設(shè)布下的題目陷阱.所謂閱讀理解,對于題目的理解一定要忠實于原文,因此,每一道題都應該與原文作全面的對比與核查,再得出答案.也就是說,閱讀理解的每一道題目,在原文都應該有明確的出處,我們把這一出處叫做原文相關(guān)句,(1)排除與原文相關(guān)句主題不一致的選項(2)排除與原文相關(guān)句態(tài)度相反的選項 (3)排除用于過于極端或負面的選項(4)注意結(jié)合文章主旨和主題去排除.