1.Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages,causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (負面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
"Stress affects how people learn,"says Professor Mara Mather."People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress."
For example,two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments.In one experiment,some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other,some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water.In both cases,the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn't gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress-at those moments,only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind.But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect.Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better,but negative consequences are also easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women.While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress,their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way.In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big,men may tend to do better,when caution weighs more,however,women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men:they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
68.We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend toB.
A.recall consequences more effortlessly
B.keep rewards better in their memory
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
69.According to the research,stress affects people most probably in theirA.
A.ways of making choices
B.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishments
D.responses to suggestions
70.The research has proved that in a stressful situation,C.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.men are more likely to take risks
D.women focus more on outcomes.
分析 本文是一篇說明文,主要講述的是壓力對人們不好的影響,在壓力之下人們作出決定時的考慮是不一樣的,并通過實驗說明人們在有壓力的時候通常想到的是積極的一面比較多,同時也介紹了男人和女人在面對不同的壓力時反映也是不同的.
解答 BAC
68 B 細節(jié)題.由第一段第一句"…acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages,causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative(負面的) consequences of a decision."可知在壓力下,人們會高估獎賞而低估懲罰,故正確答案為B.
69 A 細節(jié)題.由第二段"The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways."可知正確答案為A.
70 C 由第六段stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women.可知男性與女性在面對壓力時做出的決定是不一樣的,而第七段通過冷水實驗可知在面對相同壓力時,男性愿意冒險,故正確答案為C.
點評 考察學生的細節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力,做細節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句,和題干進行比較,再做出正確的選擇.在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實,要根據(jù)文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷.