Question

1．WHY do we sometimes struggle with moral dilemmas？Why is it a crime to take certain drugs but it's acceptable to take others？Why is it wrong to create human embryos （胚胎） to cure diseases suffered by millions？Often，we follow rules that bring little benefit and can even be positively harmful．But the rules are not set in stone，so there is nothing to stop us getting rid of those that don't work and putting better ones in their place．Now an experiment suggests that morality isn't entirely about benefits to individuals．We also tend to make and obey arbitrary moral rules，probably as a way of promoting social consolidation （鞏固）．
A classic psychology experiment called"trolley （電車） experiment"suggests that our minds have two moral systems，and they don't always agree．In the trolley experiment，participants are told that an out-of-control trolley could kill five people on the tracks．They must decide whether to turn it onto a second track with only one person on it．Almost everyone does it，sacrificing one to save five．But if instead you have to push one person off a bridge onto the track to stop the trolley，most people say no．That suggests most of us have a strict rule against killing people directly，even for the greater good．
How are such rules formed？Although people with morality appear to rule out the act of killing in the bridge experiment，most moral behavior in animals appears focused on outcomes-the death of an individual，say-rather than the death of the majority．When an animal experiences harm to help a relative，biologists view this as increasing the chances that the animal's genes will survive．Many psychologists think that human moral rules are an extension of this"kin （親族） selection"．
Kurzban of the University of Pennsylvania did the experiment further．Kurzban's team gave volunteers changes of the bridge situation．Volunteers were asked what they would do and whether their actions were morally right.85% of them said it would be morally wrong to push one person off to save five，whether these people are brothers or strangers，confirming the idea that there is a rule against killing．However，despite thinking it wrong，28% said they would still push a stranger off to save five，while 47% said they would push a brother off to save five brothers．"They're more likely to do this'less moral¹ thing if it's to save a relative，"Kurzban says，suggesting kin selection is at work as well as the basic"moral rule"against killing．The experiment shows we have at least two parallel systems for deciding right and wrong：one that says some actions，like killing，are bad，and another that tells us to protect kin．So how is this helpful？
Science has made great steps in explaining morality．No longer is it seen as something handed down from on high．Sacrificing yourself so as to protect your kin，for example，can benefit your family genes．Social consolidation demands we have rules，regardless of what they are，to help settle disputes quickly and peacefully．

55．Our moral dilemmas lie in the fact that moral rulesC．
A．can hardly be changed once set                    
B．a(chǎn)re against individual benefits
C．can be harmful as well as beneficial            
D．a(chǎn)re promoting social consolidation
56．Paragraph Two tells us thatD
A．we should have only one moral system        
B．killing one to save five is a good choice
C．we have to push one person off a bridge      
D．killing people directly can't be accepted
57．The underlined word rule out has the closest meaning toA
A．reject         B．a(chǎn)dmit        C．control         D．doubt
58．Which action agrees with"kin selection"？B
A．A father choosing his daughter as a．government official．
B．A deer staying behind its group when hunted by tigers．
C．Two baby monkeys fighting for their mother's feeding．
D．A dog killing a wolf to save its master's sleeping baby．
59．Kurzban's experiment suggests thatD
A．most volunteers are against the idea of killing brothers   
B．most people would push a stranger off to save five
C．less moral'thing is right and should be accepted
D．two moral systems that we have seem in conflict
60．According to the passage，the rules of morality are，under some circumstances，D
A．scientific         B．reasonable       C．harmful       D．flexible．

Answer 1

分析 本文介紹了人們生活里的道德困境，盡管有些法則不符合我們的道德標準，但是還要遵從，所以我們會有道德困境，電車實驗表明我們多數(shù)人都不會直接要人性命，即使為了更大的好處．在動物中出現(xiàn)的大多數(shù)的道德行為著重于結(jié)果--比如，死一個--而不是死大多數(shù)．當一個動物經(jīng)歷傷害以幫助親屬，生物學(xué)家認為這就增加了動物基因幸存的機會．許多心理學(xué)家認為，人的道德規(guī)則是這種"親緣選擇"的延伸，而進一步的實驗也表明人類有兩條平行的道德法則來決定對錯，一個說殺人是錯的，而另一個又告訴我們?yōu)榱吮Ｗo親族這么做是對的．

解答 55．C．細節(jié)題．根據(jù)第一段中的WHY do we sometimes struggle with moral dilemmas？（我們?yōu)槭裁从袝r候會陷入道德困境）和Why is it wrong to create human embryos （胚胎） to cure diseases suffered by millions？Often，we follow rules that bring little benefit and can even be positively harmful（為什么制造人類干細胞來治療百萬人的疾病是錯誤的，我們要遵從那些幾乎沒有好處甚至有害處的法則）．可知這些法則不符合我們的道德標準，但是還要遵從，所以我們會有道德困境，因此答案是C．can be harmful as well as beneficial  （道德準則可能即有害又有益）          
56．D．細節(jié)題．根據(jù)第二段中的That suggests most of us have a strict rule against killing people directly，even for the greater good可知電車實驗表明我們多數(shù)人都不會直接要人性命，即使為了更大的好處，所以答案是D．killing people directly can't be accepted，即直接殺人是不被接受的．
57．A．詞義猜測題．根據(jù)第二段中的But if instead you have to push one person off a bridge onto the track to stop the trolley，most people say no（但是如果讓你推下一個人到軌道上來阻住電車，大多數(shù)人都會不愿意去做）．和劃線句子的the act of killing in the bridge experiment（推下一個人到軌道上來阻住電車的實驗）可知本句的含義是盡管多數(shù)人都會拒絕殺人的行為，因此答案是A．reject 表示"拒絕"．其他選項的含義分別是B．a(chǎn)dmit"承認"；C．control"控制"；D．doubt"懷疑"．
58．B．推理判斷題．根據(jù)第三段中的When an animal experiences harm to help a relative，biologists view this as increasing the chances that the animal's genes will survive可知當一個動物經(jīng)歷傷害以幫助親屬，生物學(xué)家認為這就增加了動物基因幸存的機會．，所以答案是 B A deer staying behind its group when hunted by tigers，
59．D．細節(jié)題．根據(jù)第四段中的The experiment shows we have at least two parallel systems for deciding right and wrong：one that says some actions，like killing，are bad，and another that tells us to protect kin．可知我們有兩條平行的道德法則來決定對錯，一個說殺人是錯的，而另一個又告訴我們?yōu)榱吮Ｗo親族這么做是對的，所以答案是D．two moral systems that we have seem in conflict我們的兩條道德法則是相互矛盾的．
60．D．推理判斷題．根據(jù)第一段的問題，第二段的電車實驗，第三段的親情法則，以及第四段我們相互矛盾的兩條道德法則可知道德法則在某些情況下是靈活的可以變化的，所以答案是 D．flexible"靈活的，變化的"．其他選項的含義分別是A．scientific"科學(xué)的"；B．reasonable"合理的"；C．harmful"有害的"．

點評 考查科教類閱讀．推理判斷題最主要的就是注重文章結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，結(jié)合有關(guān)的生活和社會常識，理清文章的結(jié)構(gòu)層次、文章內(nèi)容和文章的中心思想，推斷作者的寫作意圖和寫作目的，進行推斷．