The Development of Cities
Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern（現(xiàn)代文明之前）era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate（財(cái)產(chǎn)）subdivision（細(xì)分再分的部分）there proceeded much faster than population growth.
小題1:With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
A Types of mass transportation.
B Instability of urban life.
C How supply and demand determine land use.
D The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.
小題2:Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?
A To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.
B To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.
C To show mass transportation changed many cities.
D To contrast their rate of growth.
小題3:According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?
A It was expensive.
B It happened too slowly.
C It was unplanned.
D It created a demand for public transportation.
小題4:The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,
A that is large.
B that is used as a model for land development.
C where the development of land exceeded population growth.
D with an excellent mass transportation system.

小題1:D
小題2:C
小題3:C
小題4:C

文章論述了“公共交通從三方面改變了城市的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)�！辈捎梅诸悓懛āＮ恼乱婚_始就提出三方面：第一，促進(jìn)城市實(shí)質(zhì)性的擴(kuò)展；第二，把人和土地分民別類加以利用；第三，加速了城市生活的不穩(wěn)定性。然后就是三方面的具體內(nèi)容。
小題1:公共交通運(yùn)輸對(duì)城市擴(kuò)展的影響。文章開門見山提出這一點(diǎn)“公共交通運(yùn)輸從三個(gè)根本方面改變了美國(guó)城市的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)�！焙竺嫖恼聝�(nèi)容就是三方面的具體化。
A. 公共交通運(yùn)輸類型。 B. 城市生活的不穩(wěn)定性。 C. 供需如何決定土地利用。這三項(xiàng)文中作為具體問(wèn)題提到，并不是文章涉及的主要題目。
小題2:說(shuō)明公共交通改變了許多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“舉例說(shuō)，1850年，波士頓市界離老的商業(yè)地區(qū)幾乎不到2英里，到了這世紀(jì)末，其半徑擴(kuò)至10英里�，F(xiàn)在供得起的人們可以住得很遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)離老的城市中心，仍然來(lái)回去那里上班、購(gòu)物和娛樂”。第七句，“舉例說(shuō)，在1890至1920年期間，據(jù)記載，芝加哥市界內(nèi)有約250，000個(gè)新的住宅樓區(qū)大多數(shù)設(shè)在郊區(qū)。經(jīng)過(guò)同樣這段時(shí)期，市區(qū)外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地區(qū)內(nèi)，又計(jì)劃建造了550，000個(gè)住宅樓區(qū)�！�
A. 表示成長(zhǎng)的正反兩方面效果。B. 舉有無(wú)公共交通運(yùn)輸?shù)某鞘袨槔?D. 對(duì)比兩者成長(zhǎng)率；都不是本文中舉兩城市例子的目的。
小題3:沒有計(jì)劃。見第二段第三句起“城市擴(kuò)展蔓延根本無(wú)計(jì)劃，好幾千個(gè)小的投資商進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，毫不考慮相互協(xié)調(diào)配合利用土地，也不考慮未來(lái)土地利用。”
A. 太貴和 B.太慢，兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，文內(nèi)沒有提。D. 它創(chuàng)造了對(duì)公共交通運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨�。這不是住宅擴(kuò)展的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，而是三個(gè)根本改變城市的一個(gè)方面。見第一段第三句：“通過(guò)大量開發(fā)未占土地?cái)U(kuò)建住宅，公共汽車、馬車、鐵路、來(lái)回火車，有軌電車把已有人定居的居住區(qū)向外擴(kuò)展了三四倍，比他們先現(xiàn)代時(shí)期的市中心更遠(yuǎn)�！�
小題4:（第二段中以芝加哥城市例子說(shuō)明）土地開發(fā)超過(guò)人口增長(zhǎng)速度。答案詳見第二段“這些購(gòu)買和置備土地建設(shè)住宅，特別是購(gòu)置臨近城市或就在市界外的土地，搶在交通線路和中產(chǎn)階層的居民進(jìn)去之前。他們這樣做的目的是創(chuàng)造一種需求，也是響應(yīng)這種需求。芝加哥就是這種過(guò)程的典型例子。那里的房地產(chǎn)小塊土地比人口增長(zhǎng)快得很多很多�！�
A. 城市大。B. 用作土地開發(fā)的樣板。 D. 具有優(yōu)越的公共的交通系統(tǒng)。
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：完形填空

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“Congratulations, Mr. Jones, it’s a girl.”
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Why do women earn less than men?
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A．young men and young women
B．young women in the same industry
C．middle-aged men and middle-aged women
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B．The unemployment rate would go up.
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D．Women as a group would earn more than before.

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A．they were so dependent on potatoes that they refused to eat anything else
B．they were forced to leave their homeland and move to America
C．the weather conditions in Ireland were not suitable for growing potatoes
D．the potato harvest was bad
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A．One third of the world’s population drinks coffee.
B．Coffee is native to Colombia.
C．Coffee can keep one awake.
D．Coffee drinks were first made by Arabs.

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Americans think that travel is good for you, some even think it can help one of the country's worst problems-crime (犯罪).    
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There are many young criminals in prison. But prison doesn't change them. Six or seven in ten will go back to crime when they come out of prison.
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People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1933, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their surprise that their gardens had disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliff (懸崖) on which they had been built. While ex­perts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.
Erosion (侵蝕) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be aban­doned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be eaten up by the hungry sea.
Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents further along the coast, shifting the problem from one area to another. The danger is likely to continue, they say, until the waves reach an inland ar­ea of hard rock, which will not be eaten as limestone is. Mean­while, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain fu­ture, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knock­down price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.
小題1: What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face?
A．The rising of the sea level.
B．The experts’ short of knowledge.
C．The washing-away of limestone cliff.
D．The disappearance of hotels, houses and gardens.
小題2: The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England ________.
A．will soon become a problem for people living in central England
B．has now become a threat to the local residents
C．can be stopped if proper measures are taken
D．is quickly changing the map of England
小題3:The experts’ study on the problem of erosion can ________.
A．warn people whose homes are in danger
B．provide an effective way to slow it down
C．help to its eventual solution
D．lead to its eventual solution(www.nmet168.com)
小題4: It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because ________.
A．house agents along the coast do not support the idea
B．it is too costly and will endanger neighboring areas
C．the government is too slow in taking action
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


Did you know that women’s brains are smaller than men’s? The average women’s brain weighs 10% less than men’s. Since research has shown that the bigger the brain, the cleverer the animal, men must be more intelligent(聰明的) than women. Right? Wrong. Men and women always score similarly on intelligence tests, despite the difference in brain size. Why? After years of study, researchers have concluded that it’s what’s inside that matters, not just the size of the brain. The brain consists of  “grey matter” and
It has been suggested that smaller brain appears to work faster, perhaps because the two sides of the brain are better connected in women. This means that little girls tend to learn to speak earlier, and that women can understand sorts of information from different sources at the same time. When it comes to talking to the boss on the phone, cooking dinner and keeping an eye on the baby all at the same time, it’s women who come out on top every time.
There are other important differences between two sexes. As white matter is the key to spatial(空間的) tasks, men know better where things are in relation to other things. “A great footballer always knows where he is in relation to the other players, and he knows where to go,” says one researcher. That may explain one of life’s great mysteries: why men refuse to ask for directions … and women often need to!
The differences begin when fetuses(胎兒) are about mine weeks old, which can be seen in the action of children ad young as one. A boy would try to climb a barrier (障礙物) before him or push it down while a girl would attract help from others. These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills, while more women speech skills. It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先) ,among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt, according to one research.
If all this disappoints you, it shouldn’t. “The brain changes throughout our lives according to what we do with it.” says a biologist.
小題1:Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?
A．Women’s brain is 10% less than men’s
B．Grey matter plays the same role as white matter.
C．Grey matter controls thinking in the brain.
D．Both sexes have the same amount of white matter.
小題2:What can we infer from the second and third paragraphs?
A．Women prefer doing many things at a time.
B．Men do better dealing with one job at a time.
C．Women do not need to tell directions.
D．Men have weaker spatial abilities.
小題3: Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?
A．Young boys may be stronger than young girls.
B．More women take up jobs requiring speech skills
C．Women may have stronger feelings than men.
D．Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.
小題4:What is the writer’s attitude in writing this passage?
A．Defensive.B．Persuasive.C．Supportive.D．Objective.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


237 West Palmdale Boulevard
Fresno, California 93706
AmToy Corporation
Suite 15
TransAm Building
San Francisco, California 94115
November 20, 2008
Dear Sirs,
As a concerned parent, I am writing to protest your recent advertisement for Electro—Robo seen in local media is California. Specifically, I am referring to newspaper and magazine ads（attached to this letter）published the week of November 15.
Children respond to your type of advertising in an immature way; that is, they are unable to understand how expensive some toys are for middle-class parents. Further, you product is violent in nature. Youth advertisement gives children the impression that it’s fine to have “two guns and laser eyes.” You also suggest that children need your toy to protect them “when you go outside.” This is not a healthy attitude for children to have.
I hope you will stop advertising your product in such a way that may harm our children.
Sincerely yours,
（Mrs.） Alma Hernandez
President, Parents for Non-violent Toys
Enc.
 
It’s here! Ready for You, Now! It’s Electro-Robo!
Every boy dreams of being in control of a robot, and AmToy can make your dream come true! Electro-Roho is the world’s first fully automatic robot with radio control. Standing 80 centimeters tall, Electro-Robo is like a friend at home. He can walk, talk, and even shake your hand! He has two guns and laser eyes to help you defend yourself when you go outside with him. Every boy needs Electro-Robo!
Ask your Mom and Dad to buy Electro-Robo for your birthday or for Christmas, which is coming up soon. Imagine that you are in control of your friend for life, Electro-Robo!
Available at all toy stores and department stores NOW!
 
小題1:What is the purpose of the letter?
A．To complain about a broken toy.B．To oppose the advertising.
C．To order a gift for Chrismas.D．To apply for a job in a toy company.
小題2:Why does the writer of the letter that Electro-Robo is violent?
A．It is controlled by radio water.B．It is expensive to buy.
C．It is 80 centimeter tall.D．It bears arms.
小題3:What dose “Enc.” at the end of the letter mean?
A．Something attached to the letter.B．A complaint to the toy company.
C．A hidden messageD．An encouraging response.
小題4:Electro-Robo can do all the following EXCEPT ______-.
A．sitting downB．shaking handsC．talkingD．walking

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