12.The Bystander (旁觀者)EffectWhen an emergency situation occurs,observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. (36)B
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect,which is named after Catherine"Kitty"Genovese,a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13,1964.Early in the morning,28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work.As she approached her apartment entrance,she was attacked and stabbed (刺) by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help,(37)F. The attack first began at 3:20,but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police.
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident,as well as most Americans.As the conclusion,the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect.(38)D.Because there are other observers,individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action,since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways.When other observers fail to react,individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.
(39)C. In the case of Kitty Genovese,many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lovers'quarrel",and (40)E.

A.They hesitate and assess the risk of getting hurt
B.This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect.
C.Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is unclear
D.First,the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility
E.they did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
F.none of the people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help.
G.the attacker didn't stop stabbing her.

分析 文章大意:本文介紹了旁觀者效應(yīng).

解答 答案36-40 BFDCE
詳解
36.B,推理判斷題,根據(jù)第二段The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect,可知前面需要引出The bystander effect,所以選 B"這種現(xiàn)象被稱之為旁觀者效應(yīng)".
37.F,推理判斷題,根據(jù)后面The attack first began at 3:20,but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police.可知周圍聽到她呼救的人沒有報警.故選F.
38.D,推理判斷題,根據(jù)后面The second reason,可知這是第一個原因,D選項,有first,并解釋了原因,所以選D.
39.C,事實細節(jié)題,根據(jù)后面 In the case of Kitty Genovese,many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lovers'quarrel",和C選項中 if the situation is unclear相符,所以選C
40.E,事實細節(jié)題,根據(jù)前面many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a"lovers'quarrel",他們認為是戀人吵架,沒有意識到這個年輕女孩正在被謀害.所以選E.

點評 任務(wù)型閱讀步驟
步驟一:快速瀏覽一遍七個備選答案,先確定哪個選項適合放在文章的什么位置.通常有三個四個位置:標題,句首,句中,句尾.不同位置的句子有不同的特征.
快速瀏覽文章,確定文章體裁,抓住文章結(jié)構(gòu).
步驟三:分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu),找出各段的主題句或主旨大意.
步驟四:注意各選項中出現(xiàn)的句子銜接手段,尋找句中銜接標志詞.
步驟五:區(qū)分相似項
步驟六:用代入法,檢查答案是否合理

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