Wilma Subra had no intention of becoming a public speaker. After graduating from college with degrees in chemistry and microbiology, she went to work at Gulf South Research Institute in Louisiana.

As part of her job, she conducted field research on toxic (poisonous) substances in the environment, often in minority communities located near large industrial polluters. She found many families were being exposed to high, sometimes deadly levels of chemicals and other toxic substances. But she was not allowed to make her information public.

Frustrated by these restrictions, Subra left her job in 1981, created her own company and has devoted the past two decades to helping people fight back against giant industrial polluters. She works with families and community groups to conduct environmental tests, interpret test results, and organize for change.

Because of her efforts, dozens of toxic sites across the country have been cleaned up. And one chemical industry spokesperson calls her “a_top_gun” for the environmental movement.

How has Subra achieved all this? Partly through her scientific training.Partly through her commitment to environmental justice. But just as important is her ability to communicate with people through public speaking. “Public speaking，” she says, “is the primary vehicle I use for reaching people.”

If you had asked Subra before 1981 “Do you see yourself as a major public speaker？”， she would have laughed at the idea. Yet today she gives more than one hundred presentations a year. Along the way, she’s lectured at Harvard, testified before Congress, and addressed audiences in 40 states, as well as in Mexico, Canada, and Japan.

1.What did Wilma Subra study for her job before 1981?

A. Chemistry and microbiology.

B. Families affected by toxic chemicals.

C. Toxic substances in the environment.

D. Minority communities near industrial polluters.

2.Why did Wilma Subra quit her job in 1981?

A. She wanted to create her own company.

B. She preferred freedom to restrictions.

C. She hoped to work with families and communities.

D. She was forbidden to inform the public of toxic pollution.

3.Wilma Subra is called “a top gun” in the 4th paragraph for ________．

A. her scientific training

B. her efforts to fight against pollution

C. her help in closing down dozens of toxic sites

D. her strong belief in environmental justice

4.What does Wilma Subra think of “public speaking”？

A. She values it. B. She laughs at it.

C. She is against it. D. She has no idea of it.

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I come to the United States ten year ago. I would always say that I was trying to study, but there were always things like work and my kids that would not allow me to start.

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Elias was a poor black worker with little 1. . Not having a passbook, he would become 2. of work. So he turned 3. Mandela for help. At that time, black people were not as 4. as white people. At first, Mandela encouraged the black people to fight in a 5. way, but it was not allowed. 6. then did they decide to 7. violence with violence. Elias helped Mandela blow 8. some government buildings. 9. he didn’t like violence, he knew it would help them 10. their dream of making black and white people have the same rights.

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Reading is a great way to improve your English. You'll learn new words, revise previously-taught structures and absorb thousands of useful expressions and phrases... without any effort. By reading, you are receiving valuable language input. And this is how you learn! Remember, language learning is a combination of input + practice. As you're reading, you're taking in language naturally, and you're seeing how it all fits together. This is crucial to your learning.

The great thing about reading is that learning takes place subconsciously. There are no exercises to do, no grammar rules to learn, no tasks to complete... it's all natural. The language flows in through your eyes, and gets registered(記錄) in your brain. What could be easier?

The key to effective reading is to read things that you want to read. There are millions of books, magazines and websites out there. You couldn't possibly read them all. So, the important thing is to find things that you like reading. Then, you'll be motivated to read. And then the reading won't be difficult. It'll be easy! And then you'll learn. It's simple.

Remember: read what you want to read. What you like reading. What motivates and inspires you. But where can you start? Well, you could read a book that you've already read in your own language. Simply find a translated version of a book that you have read and enjoyed. This will make processing the content in the target language much easier as you’ll already know what the book is about! You could also read the news. This is great as you can read the news in your own language first, then in English. You'll see that it won't be too difficult as you'll be familiar with the topics and stories. Magazines are also great. Find one that covers a topic you're interested in: business, clothing, guns, horses, houses, housekeeping, stocks and shares, sports, computers, electronics, designing, cooking... you name it, they'll have it. If not, look for information on the internet. There are also websites for every topic under the sun! Why not join a forum? They're a great source of English input as the language is often written in a simple, spoken style. Go to Google Groups, which has discussion groups based on common interests. Just type in the topic that interests you and join the chat.

Finally, how you read is also important. The best thing is to read without using a dictionary. Let the words flow over you. Just skip the parts you don't understand. If you make your reading feel too much like work, it'll stop being fun. Of course, you could make a note of any new words and phrases that you like or see repeated frequently, but try not to break your concentration too much. Also, set yourself mini-objectives. For example, if you're reading a novel, read 20 pages a day. Very soon, you'll have been exposed to thousands of useful phrases and words. Have fun reading! You'll learn so much!

1.The underlined word “crucial” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.

A. easy B. difficult

C. important D. suitable

2.The key to effective reading is __________.

A. to be motivated to read

B. not to learn grammar rules

C. to read millions of books

D. to read easy things

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A. reading a book that you've already read in English

B. reading the news in English first

C. going to Google Groups to practice spoken English

D. reading magazines containing topics you are interested in

4.From the passage we can learn that _____________.

A. to read is as much fun as to work

B. the great thing about reading is that you can read without any effort

C. when you read you needn’t look up every new word in the dictionary

D. you should make notes of every new word and phrase while reading

5.The best title of the passage can be _________________.

A. How To Read English Novels

B. How To Learn English By Reading

C. How To Absorb Expressions And Phrases

D. How To Learn English Without Any Effort

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