Superconducting Materials
The stone age, The Iron Age. Entire epochs have been named for materials. So what to call the decades ahead? The choice will be tough. Welcome to the age of superstuff(超級(jí)材料). Material science -- once the least sexy technology – is bursting with new, practical discoveries led by superconducting ceramics that may revolutionize electronics. But superconductors are just part of the picture: from house and cars to cook pots and artificial teeth, the world will someday be made of different stuff. Exotic plastics, glass and ceramics will shape the future just as surely as have genetic engineering and computer science.
The key to the new materials is researchers’ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level. Ceramics, for example, have long been limited by their brittleness. But by minimizing the microscopic imperfections that cause it, scientists are making far stronger ceramics that still retain such qualities as hardness and heat resistance. Ford Motor Co. now uses ceramic tools to cut steel. A firm called Kyocera has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that stay sharp for years and never rust or corrode.
A similar transformation has overtaken plastics. High-strength polymers now form bridges, ice-skating rinks and helicopter rotors. And one new plastic that generates electricity when vibrated or pushed is used in electric guitars, touch sensors for robot hands and karate jackets that automatically record each punch and chop. Even plastic litter, which once threatened to permanently blot the landscape, has proved amenable to molecular tinkering. Several manufacturers now make biodegradable forms; some plastic six-pack rings for example, gradually decompose when exposed to sunlight. Researchers are developing ways to make plastics as recyclable as metal or glass. Besides, composites – plastic reinforced with fibers of graphite or other compounds – made the round-the-world flight of the voyager possible and have even been proved in combat: a helmet saved an infantryman’s life by deflecting two bullets in the Grenada invasion.
Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist. The newest fiberoptic(光學(xué)纖維的) cable that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of 100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.
But new materials have no impact until they are made into products. And that transition could prove difficult, for switching requires lengthy research and investment. It can be said a firmer handle on how to move to commercialization will determine the success or failure of a country in the near future.
小題1:How many new materials are mentioned in this passage?
A Two      B Three    C Four    D Five
小題2:Why does the author mention genetic engineering and computer science?
A To compare them with the new materials.
B To show the significance of the new materials on the future world.
C To compare the new materials to them.
D To explain his view point.
小題3:Why is transition difficult?
A Because transition requires money and time.
B Because many manufacturers are unwilling to change their equipment.
C Because research on new materials is very difficult.
D Because it takes 10 years.
小題4:Where lies success of a country in the New Age of superstuff?
A It lies in research.      B It lies in investment.
C It lies in innovation.    D It lies in application.

小題1:B
小題2:B
小題3:A
小題4:D

這是一篇介紹“超導(dǎo)材料”的論說(shuō)文,采用一般到具體的分類寫作手法。先指出未來(lái)時(shí)代的材料屬于超導(dǎo)，然后再提出三種超導(dǎo)材料，再逐一說(shuō)明。
答案詳解
小題1:三種超導(dǎo)材料。答案再第一段最后一句“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷”。下面各段具體講這三種材料。第二段講陶瓷：“新材料之關(guān)鍵在于研究工作者不斷提高在分子水平上處理物質(zhì)的能力。舉陶瓷為例，由于它的脆性，長(zhǎng)期來(lái)應(yīng)用范圍有限。但是通過(guò)改善導(dǎo)致脆性的微小缺陷，科學(xué)家制造出一種保持原有硬度和抗熱性，但堅(jiān)實(shí)得多的陶瓷”。第三段講塑料�！邦愃频霓D(zhuǎn)折發(fā)生在塑料上，高強(qiáng)度的塑料建成了橋梁、溜冰場(chǎng)、直升機(jī)的葉輪。一種震動(dòng)或推動(dòng)就能發(fā)電的新型塑料用于電子吉他上，觸及傳感塑料用于機(jī)械手和空手道外衣上，它能自動(dòng)記錄每次擊打�！焙竺嬲劶八芰侠梢蕴幚�，或者制造可分解還原的塑料制品。塑料內(nèi)加入其他化合物加強(qiáng)性能。第四段講有些高級(jí)材料由新的改變，最新的光纖電纜由玻璃制成，透明度極高，100英里厚的一塊其清晰度比一塊普通窗玻璃還高。
小題2:說(shuō)明這種新材料對(duì)未來(lái)世界的意義。答案在第一段：“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷一定會(huì)象生物工程和計(jì)算機(jī)一樣將改變世界�！�
A. 把它們和新材料相比較，這里不僅僅是比較，而是說(shuō)明三者都具同樣的作用－－改變世界。 C. 把新材料比作它們。也不僅僅是比喻比擬。與A一樣沒(méi)有說(shuō)到核心電。D. 說(shuō)明他的觀點(diǎn)。太籠統(tǒng)。
小題3:轉(zhuǎn)折需要錢和時(shí)間。見(jiàn)最后一段“可是新材料只有制成產(chǎn)品才有影響，而這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折可能很困難，因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)折需要長(zhǎng)期的研究和投資�？梢赃@么說(shuō)，在不久的將來(lái)，更牢牢地掌握如何把材料轉(zhuǎn)變成商品將決定一個(gè)國(guó)家之成敗�！�
B. 因?yàn)樵S多制造商不愿改變他們的設(shè)備。C. 因?yàn)樾虏牧系难芯糠浅＠щy。 D. 轉(zhuǎn)折要華上十年時(shí)間。這三項(xiàng)文內(nèi)沒(méi)有涉及。
小題4:在超級(jí)材料時(shí)代已過(guò)之成功在于應(yīng)用。
A. 在于研究。B. 在于投資。C. 在于革新。這三項(xiàng)都是應(yīng)用的部分前提。其中A和B文內(nèi)提到，C項(xiàng)文內(nèi)未涉及。
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B．how to read and write English
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