7.Elephants have impressed us for centuries.They are big,clever,and sociable.But what if someone told you that they may also hold the key to fighting cancer?
People have been wondering why elephants do not develop cancer,even though they have life spans(壽命)that are similar to humans,living for around 50to 70years.
Now scientists believe they know why.A team at the University of Chicago,Us has found that elephants carry a large number of genes that stop tumors(腫瘤)from developing.To be precise,they found 20copies of an anti-tumor gene called TP 53in elephants.Most other species,humans included,only carry one copy.
According to the research,which was recently published on the online science network BioRxiv,the extra copies of the gene improved the animal's sensitivity to DNA damage.This lets the cells(細胞)quickly kill themselves when damaged before they can form deadly tumors.
"An increased risk of developing cancer has stood in the way of the evolution of large body sizes in many animals,"study author Dr Vincent Lynch told The Guardian.If every living cell has the same chance of becoming cancerous,large creatures with long life spans like whales and elephants should have a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and mice do.But across species,the risk of cancer does not show a connection with body mass.
This phenomenon was found by Oxford University scientist Richard Peto in the 1970s and later named"Peto's paradox".Evolutionary biologists believe it results from larger animals using protection that many smaller do not,In the elephant's case,the making of TP53is nature's way of keeping this species alive.
The study also found that when the same genes were brought to life in mice,they had the same cancer resistance as elephants.This means researchers could use the discovery to develop new treatments that can help stop cancers from spreading or even developing in the first place.
"Nature has already figured out how to prevent cancer,"said Joshua Schiffman,an oncologist at the School of Medicine,University of Utah,US.
"It's up to us to learn how different animals tackle(對付)the problem so we can use those strategies to prevent cancer in people."
4.Why are elephants unlikely to develop cancer?B
A.They have a large body size
B.They carry many genes that keep tumors from developing
C.Certain genes in their body kill existing tumors
D.Their genes suffer no DNA damage
5.According to Dr.Vincent Lynch,what has been a risk in the evolution of large animals?D
A.Extreme weather
B.Cells killing themselves
C.Human behavior
D.A risk of deadly tumors
6.What does the underlined expression"this phenomenon"on the sixth paragraph refer to?A
A.The risk of cancer is not related to body size
B.Larger animals have protection from TP53
C.Larger animals suffer the same risk of cancer as smaller ones do
D.The larger animals are,the bigger risk of cancer they have
7.We can conclude from the last three paragraphs thatB.
A.depending on nature is not enough to fight against cancer
B.the TP53genes have proven useful in stopping cancer in mice
C.this new treatment is more effective than the present ones
D.humans are expected to stop cancer in the near future.
分析 本文屬于說明文閱讀,作者通過這篇文章向我們介紹了大象為何很少患癌癥的原因,這對人類治療腫瘤有非常重要的意義.
解答 4.B 細節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)第三段A team at the University of Chicago,Us has found that elephants carry a large number of genes that stop tumors(腫瘤)from developing可知美國芝加哥大學的一個團隊發(fā)現(xiàn),大象攜帶大量的基因,阻止腫瘤的發(fā)展,可知大象不得癌癥是因為本身具有的基因的原因,故選B.
5.D 細節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)第五段If every living cell has the same chance of becoming cancerous,large creatures with long life spans like whales and elephants should have a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and mice do可知如果每一個活細胞都有相同的機會成為癌變,大型動物壽命長像鯨魚和大象應該有一個更大的比人類和老鼠患癌癥的風險,由此可知體型大的動物具有得癌癥的更大腫瘤,故選D.
6.A 細節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)第五段But across species,the risk of cancer does not show a connection with body mass.可知跨物種,罹患癌癥的風險并不與身體質(zhì)量有關,this phenomenon指的是這種現(xiàn)象,故選A.
7.B 推理判斷題,根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段The study also found that when the same genes were brought to life in mice,they had the same cancer resistance as elephants可知研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),當相同的基因被帶到老鼠身上,他們和大象一樣可以抗癌癥,故選B.
點評 考查學生的細節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力.做細節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句,和題干進行比較,再做出正確選擇.在做推理判斷題時不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實,要根據(jù)文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷.