New crime prediction software should reduce not only the murder rate, but the rate of other crimes. Developed by Richard Berk, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, the software has already used in Baltimore and Philadelphia to predict which individuals on probation(緩刑) or parole(假釋) are most likely to murder and to be murdered.
“When a person goes on probation or parole he is supervised(監(jiān)督) by an officer. The question is ‘what level of supervision is appropriate?’” said Berk. It used to be that parole officers used the person’s criminal record, and their judgment to make decisions.
“This research replaces those seat-of-the –pants calculations,” he said.
Technology helps determine level of supervision. On average there is one murder for every 100,000 people. Even among high-risk groups the murder rate is one in 100. Predicting such a rare event is very difficult, but advances in computer technology works.
Years ago, the researchers made a dataset of more than 60,000 various crimes. Using the software they developed, they found some much more likely to commit murder when paroled or probated. They could identify eight future murderers out of 100.
Berk’s software examines roughly two dozen variables(可變因素), from criminal record to geographic location. The type of crimes, and more importantly, the age at which that crime was committed, were two of the most predictive variables.
“People assume that if someone murdered then they will murder in the future,” said Berk. “ What really matters is what that person did as a young individual. Predicting future crimes sounds well. But we aren’t anywhere near being able to do that.”
“Berk’s scientific answer leaves policymakers with difficult questions. By labeling one group of people as high risk, and supervise them closely, there should be fewer murders, which the potential victims should be happy about. It also means that those high-risk individuals will be supervised more aggressively. For human rights advocates, that means punishing people who, most likely, will not commit a crime in the future,” said Bushway. “It comes down to a question of whether you would rather make these errors or those errors.”
【小題1】The underlined words(in Para.3) probably mean___. 

A．calculations based on subjective opinions
B．calculations based on widespread voting
C．calculations made by advanced technology
D．calculations based on serious considering
【小題2】For 650 people with crime records, how many potential murderers would the software find?
A．6.5.B．13.C．52.D．65.
【小題3】From Para 7, we can infer that______.
A．the technology developed by Richard Berk will soon be widely used in the US
B．the technology would not be widely accepted in the short term
C．whether a person murders or not largely decided by his upbringing while young
D．if a person murdered when he was fifty, he is sure to murder again while on probation
【小題4】Bushway’s attitude to the technology put forward by Richard Berk is ____.
A．positiveB．negativeC．objectiveD．indifferent
【小題5】Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．Closely Supervise Potential Murders
B．Measures Taken to Prevent Criminal Behavior
C．Technology Revolutionizes Judges’ Way of Working
D．Software is Developed to Predict Criminal Behavior


【小題1】A
【小題2】C
【小題3】B
【小題4】C
【小題5】D

解析試題分析：文章全篇介紹了預(yù)測(cè)犯罪行為軟件的開發(fā)是把雙刃劍，雖然可以提高對(duì)高危人群發(fā)生犯罪行為預(yù)測(cè)的精準(zhǔn)度，預(yù)防犯罪行為發(fā)生，但也會(huì)給那些不會(huì)再發(fā)生犯罪行為的人帶來不必要的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控，使他們的權(quán)益受到損害。
【小題1】推理題：劃線部分“seat-of-the –pants calculations”可用上一段中“It used to be that parole officers used the person’s criminal record, and their judgment to make decisions”解釋，指的是過去假釋官根據(jù)一個(gè)人的犯罪記錄和自己的判斷來做決定，可知假釋官的主觀因素很大。A項(xiàng)符合原句意。故選A。
【小題2】細(xì)節(jié)題：根據(jù)文章第四段中“They could identify eight future murderers out of 100”他們將來可以確定100個(gè)人中有8個(gè)殺人犯，因此650個(gè)人中會(huì)有52個(gè)罪犯。故選C。
【小題3】推理題： 根據(jù)第七段最后一句“ But we aren’t anywhere near being able to do that.”但我們現(xiàn)在還做不到，可知這項(xiàng)技術(shù)短時(shí)間內(nèi)還不能被廣泛接受。故選B。
【小題4】推理題：根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知對(duì)高危人群的監(jiān)控雖然會(huì)讓潛在的受害者高興，但也會(huì)對(duì)那些將來不會(huì)在犯罪的人是一種不必要的懲罰。由此可知他的觀點(diǎn)比較客觀。故選C。
【小題5】主旨題：閱讀全文可知是在討論預(yù)測(cè)犯罪行為軟件的開發(fā)。故選D
考點(diǎn)：考查科學(xué)技術(shù)類閱讀

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

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【小題1】According to the first paragraph，which of the following is NOT true?

A．People often fail to notice indoor air pollution.
B．Indoor air pollution sometimes is more dangerous than outdoor air pollution.
C．Outdoor air pollution may not be so serious as indoor air pollution.
D．It is obvious that people have been paying more attention to indoor air pollution.
【小題2】According to the author，which may NOT be the source of indoor air pollution?
A．Building materials. B．Wet carpet.
C．Cooling system. D．Refrigerators.
【小題3】What does the underlined word “irritation” in the third paragraph probably mean?
A．Bad intention. B．Much sensitivity.
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【小題4】Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo(接受) testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.
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The device has been delivered to the department’s laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months’ time, are successful, the makers will bring the product to market within about a year.
【小題1】How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?

A．By sounding a warning.
B．By touching the wristband.
C．By checking the driving time.
D．By pressing the steering wheel.
【小題2】We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is ________
A．a(chǎn)bout 400 milliseconds B．below 500 milliseconds
C．over 500 milliseconds D．a(chǎn)bout 4 minutes
【小題3】When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert ______.
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B．stops working properly
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D．sounds more frequently and loudly
【小題4】According to the text, Driver Alert ______.
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B．has gone through testing at laboratories
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Scientists at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have reported evidence that Mars was warmer and wetter long ago than it is today.  The Caltech scientists say they have directly established the temperature of Mars four billion years ago. At least, they established the surface temperature on part of the planet at that time. The researchers say it is the first such evidence to be discovered and presented.
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【小題1】The underlined word “establish” in Paragraph 1 probably means “___________”.

A．to set up
B．to make people accept a belief
C．to discover or prove
D．to start having a relationship with others
【小題2】How did the scientists reach the finding?
A．By studying Allan Hills meteorite.
B．By using spacecraft orbiting Mars.
C．By studying minerals gathered on Mars.
D．By studying a meteorite on the Martian surface.
【小題3】According to the fourth paragraph, what have spacecraft orbiting Mars done?
A．Measuring the temperature of Mars.
B．Taking photos of the surface of Mars.
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D．Proving where human beings will probably land on Mars.
【小題4】Where can we most probably read this passage?
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

Our love of music and appreciation of musical harmony is learnt and not based on natural ability, a new study by University of Melbourne researchers has found. The researchers said previous theories about how we appreciate music were based on the physical functions of sound, the ear itself and a born ability to hear harmony.
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A．they hear the music much too often
B．they don’t like the person playing it
C．they have no idea about how to listen
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B．not a strange note was pleasant to all musicians
C．how the chords were played was very important
D．people’s ability to hear a musical note can be learnt
【小題4】What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Love of musical harmony can’t be taught.
B．Love of music is not natural but nurtured.
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You have some great ideas. But they don’t come out because of what your friends say or because you think that only a few people can be creative geniuses(天才). And, you, of course, think that you couldn’t be one of them. But actually, this is not true at all.
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Try something new every day and let your experiences show you more about the world and people around you. You need to step out of your comfort zone (舒適地帶) more and more each day.
Follow these suggestions, and begin thinking beyond your "limits" from today. You’ll soon have a life full of interesting and exciting adventures. Who knows, your idea might be the next great idea to change the world.
【小題1】Most people can’t be creative geniuses because they _______.

A．don’t have great ideas
B．don’t want to develop their ideas
C．a(chǎn)re too shy to talk about their ideas
D．don’t believe they can be
【小題2】The underlined word "it" in the second paragraph means ________.
A．creative thinking B．the muscle C．personal style D．great capacity
【小題3】What do we learn from the passage?
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【小題4】The passage is intended to tell readers _________.
A．how they can learn from creative geniuses
B．a(chǎn)bout ways to develop their creative thinking
C．a(chǎn)bout the importance of exercising the muscles
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
The paper，published this March in Psychology and Aging，examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.
Survey respondents (受訪者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10，among other questions.
The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction，while middle­aged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older，however，were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would，the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.
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Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (預(yù)防措施)，”the authors wrote.
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However，the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood，individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic，to accurate，to pessimistic，”the authors concluded.
【小題1】According to the study，who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?

A．Optimistic adults.
B．Middle­aged adults.
C．Adults in poor health.
D．Adults of lower income.
【小題2】Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people________.
A．to fully enjoy their present life
B．to estimate their contribution accurately
C．to take measures against potential risks
D．to value health more highly than wealth
【小題3】How do people of higher income see their future?
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B．They will become pessimistic.
C．They will suffer mental illness.
D．They will have less time to enjoy life.
【小題4】What is the clear conclusion of the study?
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B．Good financial condition leads to good health.
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

(2013·高考四川卷，E)Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head，according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收縮) and pumping blood around their bodies，compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event，depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said：“Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said，“The study showed that fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we don’t see－and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship，the scientists also used a brain scanner(掃描儀) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person’s feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain ‘speak’to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear，”Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and ways that it could be reduced，we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders，and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
【小題1】What is the finding of the study?

A．One’s heart affects how he feels fear.
B．Fear is a result of one’s relaxed heartbeat.
C．Fear has something to do with one’s health.
D．One’s fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
【小題2】The study was carried out by analyzing________.
A．volunteers’ heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
B．the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
C．volunteers’ reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
D．different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart­brain communication
【小題3】Which of the following is closest in meaning to“mechanism” in Paragraph 6?
A．Order. B．System.
C．Machine. D．Treatment.
【小題4】This study may contribute to________.
A．treating anxiety and stress better
B．explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
C．finding the key to the heart­brain communication
D．understanding different fears in our hearts and heads

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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解

It’s the dirty little secret many shampoo companies don’t want you to know.  When you wash your hair with certain traditional chemical shampoos, you may actually be removing your hair and scalp（頭皮）of their natural oils.  These shampoos generate a thick bubble to clean hair, they can also create dryness, curl, dullness, and color fade. We then spend a lot of time and money on products that are effectively repairing the damage caused by shampoo.
Chaz Dean got tired of clients leaving his salon raving about their color and the feeling of their hair---brassy（似黃銅的） and dull. He knew the main cause was likely their shampoo, so he started experimenting with various ingredients, including natural herbs and botanicals, that he knew had cleansing（弄干凈）and hydrating (保濕的) properties.
The result was a totally new approach to the way we cleanse our hair.  It’s called WEN® Cleansing Conditioner.  WEN® contains a super-hydrating natural herbs and botanicals mixture of glycerin, chamomile(甘菊), rosemary, calendula, and Cherry bark, which when combined, will both cleanse the hair as well as give shine and softness, even to damaged hair.
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Before being marketed, WEN® went through extensive consumer tests, and the results were impressive.  More than 90 percent of the participants in the studies reported that their hair was more shiny, less frizzy, and had more bounce.
WEN® is recommended for all hair types, and once you start using it, it will become the only cleanser/conditioner you will want to include in your daily routine.
Right now, WEN® is offering an easy way for online shoppers to try the product.  Now you just pay less than $30 and have a 60 day money back guarantee if you are not completely satisfied. Click here to learn more about WEN® and try this revolutionary new approach yourself.
【小題1】We can infer from the first paragraph that _________________

A．All the shampoo companies are irresponsible.
B．Few traditional shampoos depend on chemicals for cleaning.
C．WEN® does harm to people’s hair.
D．It takes much time and money to repair hair damaged by shampoo.
【小題2】What is the meaning of the underlined phrase “ raving about”(in para.2)?
A．smiling satisfactorily at B．shouting angrily for
C．crying excitedly for D．sighing silently at
【小題3】Which is right according to the passage?
A．WEN® contains natural herbs and botanicals.
B．You cann’t use WEN® without bubble.
C．WEN® hasn’t been tested before selling.
D．WEN® is accessible only online.
【小題4】Which is the best title of the passage?
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【小題5】Where does the passage come from ?
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