When most of us hear the word chocolate, the verb that comes to mind is probably “eat”, not “drink”, and the most proper adjective would seem to be “sweet”. But for about 90 percent of chocolate’s long history, it was strictly a beverage (飲料), and sugar didn’t have anything to do with it.
The Origin of Chocolate
Many modern historians have estimated that chocolate has been around for about 2000 years, but recent research suggests that it may be even older.
In the book The True History of Chocolate, authors Sophie and Michael Coe prove that the earliest linguistic (語言學的) evidence of chocolate consumption dates back three or even four thousand years.
Valuable and Fashionable Chocolate Beverage
It’s hard to discover exactly when chocolate was born, but it’s clear that it was cherished from the start. For several centuries in pre-modern Latin America, cacao beans were considered valuable enough to use as currency. 100 beans could purchase a good turkey hen, according to a 16th-century Aztec document.
Sweetened chocolate didn’t appear until Europeans discovered the Americas and sampled (品嘗) the native cuisine. Chocolate didn’t suit the foreigners’ taste at first — one described it in his writings as “a bitter drink for pigs” — but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain. By the 17th century, chocolate was a fashionable drink throughout Europe, believed to have nutritious, medicinal functions. But it remained largely a privilege of the rich until the invention of the steam engine made mass production possible in the late 1700s.
The Birth of Solid Chocolate
In 1828, a Dutch chemist found a way to make powdered chocolate. His product became known as “Dutch cocoa”, and it soon led to the creation of solid chocolate. In 1847, Joseph Fry created the first modern chocolate bar. By 1868, a little company called Cadbury was marketing boxes of chocolate candies in England. Milk chocolate hit the market a few years later.
Prosperous Chocolate Industry
In America, chocolate was so valued during the Revolutionary War that it was used instead of wages. Even now, statistics show that the humble cacao bean is still a powerful economic force. Chocolate manufacturing is a more than 4-billion-dollar industry in the United States, and the average American eats at least half a pound of the stuff per month.
【小題1】The earliest chocolate was most probably _________.
| A．a dish | B．a drink | C．a bar | D．a candy |
| A．the history of chocolate is at most 4,000 years. |
| B．people around the world could buy things with chocolate. |
| C．chocolate was well paid attention to since it was born. |
| D．an American at least eats a pound of chocolate per month. |
| A．Because chocolate was so tasty and bitter. |
| B．Because chocolate was believed to be a source of nutrition. |
| C．Because chocolate was sweetened with honey or cane sugar. |
| D．Because chocolate became a fashionable beverage. |
| A．chocolate beverage----chocolate bar----chocolate candies----milk chocolate |
| B．chocolate bar----chocolate beverage----chocolate candies----milk chocolate |
| C．chocolate bar ----chocolate candies ----milk chocolate ---- chocolate beverage |
| D．chocolate beverage ----chocolate candies----chocolate bar---- milk chocolate |
【小題1】B
【小題2】C
【小題3】C
【小題4】A
解析試題分析：本文是說明文。講述了巧克力的簡單歷史。
【小題1】細節(jié)理解題。根據首段可知，人們普遍認為巧克力是用來吃的，而且是很甜的，然而巧克力在發(fā)展史上大部分時間是一種苦澀的飲料。故選B
【小題2】推理判斷題。根據第四段中的首句“…but it’s clear that it was cherished from the start”可知巧克力從誕生起就受到人們的珍愛。故選C
【小題3】推理判斷題。由第五段的第二句“…but once mixed with honey or cane sugar, it quickly became popular throughout Spain”可知巧克力飲料被混合蜂蜜或蔗糖變甜以后，就迅速受到西班牙人的歡迎。故選C
【小題4】推理判斷題。由文章敘述巧克力歷史的過程可知巧克力飲料是最早的形式；再根據倒數第二段中三個事件發(fā)生的事情和最后一句可知A項是按時間順序敘述巧克力的演變史。選A
考點：考查歷史類短文
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【小題1】Why is Bill Gates paying people to invent new toilets?
| A．Because he wants to test people's sense of creativity． |
| B．Because he thinks the traditional ones are out of fashion |
| C．Because he wants to improve sanitation for many people． |
| D．Because he can't design this kind of things himself． |
| A．They are too complicated to use. | B．They waste too much water |
| C．They might cause diseases． | D．They are not always practical. |
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| A．can change human waste into electricity |
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| A．They are the wives of the presidents. |
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| D．They have an effect on their husbands. |
| A．Lady Bird Johnson. |
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| A．3 | B．4. |
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【小題1】People would like to go to Ross’s house in Philadelphia to _____.
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1、學校開展課外活動的情況：20多個社團、30多門選修課；
2、你參加的課外活動以及你體會到的益處（兩點益處）；
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注意： 1. 詞數100-120詞左右；
2. 回信的開頭已為你寫好（不計入總詞數）。
3. 參考詞匯：選修課 elective,社團club
Dear Martin,
I am glad to hear from you. In your email, _______________________________________
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
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刪除：把多余的詞用斜線＼劃掉。
修改：在錯詞下面劃一橫線，并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。
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Dear Jack,
I am pleasing to hear from you and know that you had a greatly time working part-time in a fast-food restaurant. Now I would like to share your working experience with you during the past summer.
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Above all, I have learned that smile is the key to solve any problem.
Best wishes.
Yours,
Li Ming
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