Global Positioning Systems（GPS） are now a part of everyday driving in many countries. These satellite-based systems provide turn-by-turn directions to help people get to where they want to go. But, they can also cause a lot of problems, send you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost. Many times, the driver is to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, says Barry Brown, it is a combination of the two.
We spoke to Mr. Brown by Skype （網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話軟件）. He told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use during his stay. BARRY BROWN: “And they just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination. And, then it wasn’t until they were driving for thirty minutes that they realized they actually put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived. They actually put their home address in. So again, the GPS is kind of 'garbage in garbage out'.”
Mr Brown says this is a common human error. But, he says, what makes the problem worse has to do with some of the shortcomings, or failures, of GPS equipment. BARRY BROWN: “One problem with a lot of the GPS units is that they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it’s going to the wrong place.”
Barry Brown formerly served as a professor with the University of California, San Diego. While there, he worked on a project with Eric Laurier from the University of Edinburgh. The two men studied the effects of GPS devices on driving by placing cameras in people’s cars. They wrote a paper based on their research. It is called “The Normal, Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS.”
It lists several areas where GPS systems can cause confusion for drivers. These include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. They also include timing issues(時(shí)機(jī)問(wèn)題) related to when GPS commands are given.
Barry Brown says, “ To make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers, passengers and GPS systems work together.”
【小題1】In paragraph 2, Mr. Brown mentioned his friend in the conversation to _______.
| A．build up his own reputation |
| B．laugh at his stupid friend |
| C．prove the GPS system is only garbage |
| D．describe an example of human error |
| A．They just provide the next turn. | B．They are harmful to eyes. |
| C．They make drivers tired easily. | D．They often break down suddenly. |
| A．GPS units are to blame for most GPS service failures. |
| B．We should introduce higher standards for the driving license. |
| C．Cameras are urgently needed to help improve GPS systems. |
| D．Drivers, GPS systems and passengers should unite to improve GPS systems. |
| A．Unconcerned. | B．Prejudiced. |
| C．Objective. | D．Critical. |
| A．Driving with GPS can be difficult. |
| B．Driving confusions can be caused by small screens. |
| C．Driving without GPS should be much more convenient. |
| D．GPS equipment in driving to be deserted or improved |
【小題1】D
【小題2】A
【小題3】D
【小題4】C
【小題5】A
解析試題分析：文章大意：本文是一篇科技說(shuō)明文。通過(guò)科學(xué)調(diào)查分析表明：全球定位系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題是司機(jī)和全球定位系統(tǒng)失誤兩個(gè)方面的原因造成的。為了使全球定位系統(tǒng)更好的為我們服務(wù)，我們需要更好的理解司機(jī)、乘客和全球定位系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)工作。
【小題1】推理判斷題。段落大意題：從第二段的內(nèi)容：They actually put their home address in. 和下面的句子:Mister Brown says this is a common human error.可知Mr Brown是在舉人的錯(cuò)誤的例子。故D正確。
【小題2】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段One problem with a lot of the GPS units is that they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it’s going to the wrong place.可知答案。故A正確。
【小題3】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從最后一段的句子：Barry Brown says to make GPS systems better we need a better understanding of how drivers, passengers and GPS systems work together.可知Barry Brown認(rèn)為GPS系統(tǒng)，司機(jī)和乘客應(yīng)該一起努力提高。故D正確。
【小題4】推理判斷題。此題是考查作者態(tài)度。作者在文章中只是客觀的評(píng)價(jià)GPS的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，故作者的態(tài)度是客觀的。故C正確。
【小題5】主旨大意題。從第一段的：But, they can also cause a lot of problems, send you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost.可知文章講的是GPS帶來(lái)的困難。故A正確。
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| B．they are too careless to cherish precious things |
| C．they are lazy to observe the surroundings |
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| C．it needs much less land |
| D．it costs much less money |
| A．Algae help protect the environment. |
| B．People can grow algae anywhere. |
| C．Fish can get more oxygen from algae. |
| D．Algae produce less waste. |
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| A．Because there were few women in his country at that time. |
| B．Because he thought men without wives could be better soldiers. |
| C．Because there wasn’t enough food for so many people. |
| D．Because he wanted to control the birth rate. |
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| B．he stole a lot of food |
| C．he didn’t obey the emperor’s order |
| D．he didn’t want to be a soldier |
| A．students in China send cards to their teachers |
| B．it is a good idea to celebrate Valentine’s Day in China |
| C．it is interesting to celebrate Valentine’s Day in China |
| D．Valentine’s Day is also popular in China now |
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【小題1】According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may ________.
| A．result in a warming climate |
| B．cause the forest fires to occur more frequently |
| C．lead to a longer fire season |
| D．protect the forests and the environment there |
| A．large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere |
| B．the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase |
| C．snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space |
| D．a(chǎn)shes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun |
| A．a(chǎn)nalyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate |
| B．indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere |
| C．suggest that people should take measures to protect environment |
| D．suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming |
| A．released | B．a(chǎn)bsorbed | C．created | D．distributed |
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When another old cave is discovered in the south of France，it is not usual news．Rather，it is art ordinary event．Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to them．However，when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940，the world was amazed．Painted directly on its walls were hundreds of scenes showing how people lived thousands of years ago．The scenes show people hunting animals，such as bison or wild cats．Other images show birds and，most noticeably，horses，which appear in more than 300 wall images，by far outnumbering all other animals．
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Unfortunately，the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water and temperature changes，which easily wear the images away．Because the Lascaux caves have many entrances，air movement has also damaged the images inside．
Although they are not out in the open air, where natural light would have destroyed them long ago，many of the images have been destroyed and are barely recognizable．To prevent further damage，the site was closed to tourists in 1963，23 years after it was discovered．
【小題1】What can be the best title for the text?
| A．Wild Animals in Art | B．Hidden Prehistoric Paintings |
| C．Exploring Caves Respectfully | D．Determining the Age of French Caves |
| A．discovers | B．watches | C．notices | D．buys |
| A．Birds | B．Bison | C．Horses | D．Wild cats |
| A．It was completely dark inside． |
| B．The caves were full of wild animals． |
| C．Painting materials were hard to find． |
| D．Many painting spaces were difficult to reach． |
| A．temperature changes | B．a(chǎn)ir movement |
| C．water | D．tourists |
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