12.IN 2005,David J.Hand,a math professor at Imperial College London,went to a conference in the US with one of his students.They bought their return tickets separately.But when they boarded the plane,they were surprised to find that they were seated right next to each other.
"What a coincidence!"you might say.
Yes,coincidences happen all the time.Sometimes they are so weird (不可思議的) that there seem to be no explanations for them.That sometimes leads people to attribute them to supernatural forces.But are those really responsible?
According to a new book by Professor Hand,The Improbability Principle:Why Coincidences,Miracles,and Rare Events Happen Every Day,what we think of as extremely unlikely events actually happen around us all the time,and they can all be explained by the laws of probability,reported The Washington Post.
Take Hand's experience on the plane as an example.Since there are 450seats on that plane,it may seem like a 1in 450chance that he would have been seated next to his student.But the fact is that many passengers travel in pairs or other groups,and they all require adjacent (相鄰的) seats,which makes solo travelers more likely to be seated next to other solo travelers.This increases the odds from 1in 450to a much greater chance.
Another occasion on which coincidences happen frequently is the lottery.On Sept 6,2009,for example,the Bulgarian lottery randomly selected the winning numbers 4,15,23,24,35,and four days later those numbers were chosen again.
According to Hand,although the odds of two specific number draws (抽。 matching are very small,since there are many lotteries globally,the chance of any two draws matching increases with the number of draws,and it reaches a probability of greater than 50percent by the 4,404th round.?
"With a large enough number of opportunities,any outrageous (不尋常的) thing is likely to happen,"writes Hand.
People tend to underestimate the probability of an event because they usually focus on specific instances instead of the broader context,he added.
"We should expect the unexpected,"Hand told New Scientist."They may not be as improbable as you think."
43.By mentioning Hand's experience on the flight at the beginning of the article,the author intends toD.
A.show how people usually react to coincidences
B.show that such coincidences actually happen frequently
C.promote Hand's newly-published book on coincidences
D.make us wonder what caused that coincidence
44.What does Hand think can explain almost all coincidences?B
A.Supernatural forces.
B.The laws of probability.
C.Their broader contexts.
D.The law of natural selection.
45.What did Hand believe increased his chances of sitting next to his student?C
A.The limited seats on the plane.
B.The times when they booked their return tickets.
C.The fact that many of the other passengers were traveling together with others.
D.The rule that solo travelers must sit in specific areas of planes.
46.What can we conclude from the article?C
A.The author believes that there are no supernatural forces at all.
B.If you bet on the same numbers each time,you will soon win the lottery.
C.Failing to see the broader contexts for events makes us fail to grasp their true probabilities.
D.Outrageous events wouldn't happen if there were a large enough total number of events.
分析 本文講到了漢德先生搭乘航班的一次巧合,對于巧合而言其實是符合數(shù)學(xué)當(dāng)中的概率原理的,下面就巧合背后的概率原理這一問題展開了討論.
解答 DBCC
43.答案 D由第三段"That sometimes leads people to attribute them to supernatural forces.But are those really responsible?"可以推知文章開篇提到了漢德先生搭乘航班的一次巧合,旨在引起讀者思考是什么導(dǎo)致這些巧合發(fā)生的呢?故答案為D
44.答案 B由第四段的"what we think of as extremely unlikely events actually happen around us all the time,and they can all be explained by the laws of probability"可知是概率的緣故,故答案為B
45.答案 C 由第五段的"But the fact is that many passengers travel in pairs or other groups,and they all require adjacent (相鄰的) seats,which makes solo travelers more likely to be seated next to other solo travelers.This increases the odds from 1in 450to a much greater chance."可以推知,是因為同行的乘客更喜歡緊挨著坐,這又增加了概率.故答案為C
46.答案C 由倒數(shù)第二段可知人們通過關(guān)注具體的例子,而不是更廣的背景,從而低估了某些事發(fā)生的概率,所以C正確.A項文章沒有提及,B項的soon不對;D項的說法與事實相反,故答案為C
點評 1、要想做好科普英語閱讀理解題,同學(xué)們就要注意平時多讀科普知識類文章,學(xué)習(xí)科普知識,積累常見的科普詞匯,從根本上提高科普英語的閱讀能力.
2、要熟悉科普類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點.科普類文章一般由標(biāo)題(Head line),導(dǎo)語(Introduction),背景(Back ground),主體(Main body)和結(jié)尾(End)五部分構(gòu)成.標(biāo)題是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括,但根據(jù)歷年的高考情況來看,這類閱讀理解材料一般不給標(biāo)題,而要同學(xué)們選擇標(biāo)題.導(dǎo)語一般位于整篇文章的首段.背景交待一個事實的起因.主體則對導(dǎo)語概括的事實進行詳細(xì)敘述,這一部分命題往往最多,因此,閱讀時,同學(xué)們要把這部分作為重點.結(jié)尾往往也是中心思想的概括,并與導(dǎo)語相呼應(yīng),命題者常在此要設(shè)計一道推理判斷題.
3、在進行推理判斷時,同學(xué)們一定要以閱讀材料所提供的科學(xué)事實為依據(jù),同時所得出的結(jié)論還應(yīng)符合基本的科普常識.