17．From the moment that an animal is born it has to make decisions．It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating，and which are to be avoided； when to attack and when to run away．The animal is，in fact，playing a complicated and potentially dangerous game with its environment，discomfort or destruction．
This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error，for there are too many possible decisions which would prove fatal．So we find，in practice，that the game is always arranged in favor of the young animal in one way or another．Either the animal is protected during the early stages of its learning about the world around it，or the knowledge of which way to respond is built into its nervous system from the start．
The fact that animals behave sensibly can be attributed partly to what we might call genetic learning，to distinguish it from individual learning that an animal does in the cause of its own life time．Genetic learning is learning by a species as a whole，and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to behave in the right way．However，genetic learning depends upon a prediction that the future will more or less exactly resemble the past．The more variable individual experience is likely to be，the less efficient is genetic learning as a means os getting over the problems of the survival game．It is not surprising to find that very few species indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning．In the great majority of animals，behavior is a compound of individual experience and genetic learning to behave in particular ways
25．The survival game is considered complicated and potentially very dangerous becauseA．
A decisions made by animals may prove fatal
B animals are often in danger of being attacked
C．a(chǎn)nimals make decisions entirely by trial
D．environment is not fit for animals to survive
26．Most animals survive because they can make right decisions byD．
A．a(chǎn) series of trials and errors
B．knowledge obtained in their life time
C．the nervous system
D．genetic learning and individual experience
27．Concerning the relationship between genetic learning and individual experience，which of the following is right？C
A．They develop side by side
B．They are contradictory，but individual experience is the dominant
C．Genetic learning is likely to function more if individual experience doesn't vary much
D．Genetic learning is more efficient than individual experience
28．"Genetic learning"refers toB．
A．learning after an animal is born
B．learning obtained by some members of each generation who happen to behave properly
C．learning gained by all the members in a species
D learning gained by young animals from their experience
29．What cannot be inferred from the article？B
A The majority of animals depend thoroughly upon genetic learning
B Animal behave in particular ways as a result of both individual experience and genetic learning
C If animal depended wholly upon individual experience，its chance of survival would be little
D．Genetic learning depends on the assumption of resemblance between the future and the past．
分析 本文屬于說明文閱讀，作者通過這篇文章主要向我們描述了個體經(jīng)驗和遺傳學習，在大多數(shù)性的動物，行為是一個復合的個體經(jīng)驗和遺傳學習行為的特殊方式．
解答 25．A．細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第二段：This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error可知生存游戲被認為是復雜的，潛在的危險是動物作出的決定可能是致命的；故選A．
26．D．節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第二段：This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error可知大多數(shù)動物存活下來是因為它們能做出正確的決定通過學習和個人經(jīng)驗；故選D．
27．C．推理判斷題．根據(jù)第三段：The fact that animals behave sensibly can be attributed partly to what we might call genetic learning，to distinguish it from individual learning that an animal does in the cause of its own life time可知遺傳學習可能會發(fā)揮更多的作用，如果個人經(jīng)驗沒有太大的變化；故選C．
28．B．推理判斷題．根據(jù)第三段：The fact that animals behave sensibly can be attributed partly to what we might call genetic learning，to distinguish it from individual learning that an animal does in the cause of its own life time可知遺傳學習是學習一些成員每個人發(fā)生正確的行為；故選B．
29．B．細節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)最后一段behavior is a compound of individual experience and genetic learning to behave in particular ways可知由于個體經(jīng)驗和遺傳學習，動物表現(xiàn)出特殊的行為方式；故選B．
點評 考察學生的細節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力，做細節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句，和題干進行比較，再做出正確的選擇．在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實，要根據(jù)文章事實進行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．
