3.Apes and humans beings share a lot in common when it comes to behavior.The evidence taken from the observation of the behavior of apes and children suggests that there are three causes for the outbreak of fighting and the exhibition of (51)D by individuals.
One of the most common causes of fighting among both children and apes was over the (52)B of external objects.The argument over the ownership of any desired object---food,clothes,toys,females,and the affection of others---was sufficient reason to (53)A force.In a case of monkeys'disagreement over females.thirty females were killed.Two points are of particular interest to notice about these fights for possession.
In the first place,the fights are often carried to such an extreme that they end in the (54)C destruction of the objects of common desire.Toys are torn to pieces and females are killed.
In the second place it is observable,that (55)A occurs when an object is desired by only one person or by someone else.There were many cases where toys and other objects which had been thrown away as useless were (56)B defended by their owners when they became the object of some other child's desire.
Another cause of aggression is the tendency for children and apes are greatly to (57)D the invading of a stranger into their group.A new child in the class may be laughed at,isolated,and disliked.A new monkey may be bitten to death.It is interesting to note that anger occurs when a stranger comes from the (58)A species.Monkeys do not mind being (59)C by a goat or a rat.Children do not object when animals are introduced to the group.As a matter of fact,such newcomers are often (60)D.But when monkeys meet a new monkey or children a strange child,aggression often occurs.This strongly suggests that the reason for the aggression is fundamentally possessiveness.The(61)C of the newcomers is feared.The present members of the group feel that there will be more competitors for the food or the attention of the adults.
Finally,another common source of fighting among children is a frustration or failure in their own (62)B.A child will be stopped either by (63)A causes such as bad weather or illness from doing something he wishes to do,for example,sail his boat or ride the bicycle.Sometimes the activity may be (64)D because of the opposition of some adult.The child may also frustrate itself by (65)B,through lack of skill or strength,to complete successfully some desired activity.Such a child will then in the ordinary sense become"naughty".He will be in a bad or unfriendly temper.

51.A.fulfillmentB.excitementC.isolationD.a(chǎn)ggressiveness
52.A.usageB.possessionC.valueD.collection
53.A.turn toB.drive awayC.come overD.make into
54.A.moderateB.subtleC.completeD.temporary
55.A.conflictB.negotiationC.a(chǎn)greementD.donation
56.A.reluctantlyB.violentlyC.unwillinglyD.peacefully
57.A.ignoreB.a(chǎn)cceptC.proveD.hate
58.A.similarB.modestC.strongD.reliable
59.A.observedB.protectedC.joinedD.spoiled
60.A.offensiveB.considerateC.generousD.welcomed
61.A.strengthB.a(chǎn)ttitudeC.competitionD.emotion
62.A.knowledgeB.a(chǎn)ctivityC.studyD.personality
63.A.naturalB.physicalC.financialD.a(chǎn)cademic
64.A.enhancedB.operatedC.extendedD.prevented
65.A.learningB.failingC.imitatingD.refusing.

分析 本文屬于社會(huì)生活類的說明文.文中介紹了通過觀察猿和孩子相似的行為得出了猿和人在行為上有很多共同點(diǎn).文中主要分析了打架和攻擊性行為發(fā)生的三個(gè)原因.猿和孩子們打架最常見的一個(gè)原因就是為了所屬權(quán).對(duì)任何渴望得到的物品的擁有權(quán)的爭論都能成為動(dòng)用武力的充分的理由.在某一次猴子為了雌性猴子的爭斗中,30只雌性猴子被殺死.在這些為所屬權(quán)的打斗中,有兩點(diǎn)特別需要注意:首先,這種斗爭會(huì)進(jìn)行到如此極端的程度以致他們最終毀掉大家都想得到的物品.其二可以發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)只有一個(gè)或另一個(gè)想要得到某一物品時(shí),沖突常常會(huì)發(fā)生.在很多案例中當(dāng)已經(jīng)被拋棄的無用玩具和其他物品成為其他孩子想要得到的物品時(shí),它們的主人會(huì)來保衛(wèi)自己的所有權(quán).另一個(gè)引發(fā)攻擊的原因是猿和孩子們痛恨入侵他(它)們?nèi)后w的陌生者.一個(gè)班級(jí)里新來的孩子會(huì)遭到嘲笑、孤立和討厭.一只新來的猴子也許會(huì)被咬死.有趣的是當(dāng)陌生者來自同一物種時(shí)常常會(huì)產(chǎn)生憤怒,但是猴子不會(huì)介意一只山羊或老鼠加入它們.孩子不會(huì)介意動(dòng)物的參與.事實(shí)上,這樣的新來者是受歡迎的.但是當(dāng)猴子遇見新來的猴子或者孩子遇見新來的孩子,攻擊往往就會(huì)發(fā)生.這表明攻擊的根本原因是占有欲.害怕新來者的競爭.現(xiàn)有的成員覺得會(huì)有存在更多的競爭者.最后一個(gè)原因,另一個(gè)常見的打斗的根源是在自己的活動(dòng)中的挫敗.一個(gè)孩子或者因?yàn)樵愀獾奶鞖饣蛘咭驗(yàn)樯眢w的原因不能參與他希望參與的活動(dòng).有時(shí)這種活動(dòng)也許因?yàn)槌赡耆说淖柚梗@個(gè)孩子也會(huì)因?yàn)椴荒艹晒Φ赝瓿梢恍┫胍獏⑴c的活動(dòng)感到挫。@樣的孩子在平常的意義上會(huì)變得"淘氣".他會(huì)發(fā)脾氣或情緒不好.

解答 51.D.本題考查名詞詞義辨析.fulfillment完成,實(shí)現(xiàn);excitement興奮;isolation孤立,隔離;aggressiveness 攻擊性.聯(lián)系文章的主題,本文主要介紹猿或孩子具有"攻擊性"和打架的三個(gè)主要原因,所以答案選擇D.
52.B.本題考查名詞詞義辨析.usage用法;possession擁有;value價(jià)值;collection收集,收藏;聯(lián)系下一句"The argument over the ownership (對(duì)所有權(quán)的爭論)"可以推斷,猿和孩子們打架最常見的一個(gè)原因就是為了"所屬權(quán)",所以本題答案選擇B.
53.A.本題考查短語動(dòng)詞辨析.turn to 轉(zhuǎn)向,求助于,訴諸;drive away趕走; come over過來,順道來訪;make into把…轉(zhuǎn)變成.本題指猿或孩子們?yōu)榱俗约旱乃袡?quán)而"訴諸武力",所以答案選擇A.
54.C.本題考查形容詞詞義辨析.moderate溫和的,適中的;subtle 敏感的,微妙的;complete完全的;temporary臨時(shí)的;由下一句中"玩具被拆成碎塊,雌性(猴子)被殺死"可以推斷,被爭奪的對(duì)象被"徹底地"毀滅,所以答案選擇C.
55.A.本題考查名詞詞義辨析.conflict沖突;negotitation協(xié)商,談判;agreement協(xié)議; donation捐贈(zèng).本題繼續(xù)討論攻擊性行為或"沖突"的另一個(gè)值得注意的一點(diǎn),所以答案選擇A.
56.B.本題考查副詞詞義辨析.reluctantly勉強(qiáng)地,不情愿地; violently激烈地;暴力地;unwillingly不情愿地;peacefully和平地.本句在于說明即使是自己沒有用的物品一旦被他人獲得就會(huì)"激烈地"爭奪自己的所有權(quán),所以答案是B.
57.D.本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析.ignore忽視; accept接受;prove證明;hate痛恨;根據(jù)下文可知,猿和孩子"不喜歡"其它同類的加入,所以答案選擇D.
58.A.本題考查形容詞詞義辨析.similar相似的;modest謙虛的,適中的;strong強(qiáng)壯的;reliable可信賴的;由上文"A new monkey may be bitten to death.(新來的猴子也許會(huì)被咬死)"可以推斷,有"相似的"物種出現(xiàn)會(huì)引起憤怒,所以答案選擇A.
59.C.本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析.observe觀察;protect保護(hù);join加入;spoil變質(zhì),掠奪;根據(jù)上下文可知,猴子會(huì)介意一只新的猴子的到來,卻不會(huì)介意其它物種如山羊等的"加入",所以本題答案選擇C.
60.D.本題考查形容詞詞義辨析.offensive冒犯的;considerate體貼的,考慮周全的;generous大方的,豐厚的;welcomed受歡迎的;由上文的as a matter of fact(實(shí)際上)可以推測,這里的語義與上文的相反;上文講的是"相似的物種"會(huì)引起"憤怒",所以判斷不同的物種"受到歡迎",由此判斷答案是D.
61.C.本題考查名詞詞義辨析.strength力氣,強(qiáng)項(xiàng);attitude 態(tài)度;competition競爭;emotion情緒.由下文"The present members of the group feel that there will be more competitors (現(xiàn)有的成員覺得會(huì)有存在更多的競爭者)"推斷他們害怕"競爭",所以答案選擇C.
62.B.本題考查名詞詞義辨析.knowledge知識(shí),了解;activity活動(dòng);study學(xué)校;personality個(gè)性;聯(lián)系下文可知,在自己的"活動(dòng)"中失敗是打斗的另一根源,所以答案選擇B.
63.A.本題考查形容詞詞義辨析.natural自然的;physical身體的;fiancial金融的;academic學(xué)業(yè)的;根據(jù)下文的"bad weather"可以推斷是"自然的"原因,所以答案選擇A.
64.D.本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析.enhance提升,增加;operate操作;extend延伸,伸展;prevent阻止;由下文"the opposition of some adult(某個(gè)成年人的反對(duì))"可以判斷孩子"被阻止"參與活動(dòng),所以答案選擇D.
65.B.本題考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析.learning學(xué)習(xí);failing失敗,fail to do sth.沒有能夠做…;imitating模仿;refusing拒絕;本題用"failing…to complete successfully some desired activity"要表達(dá)的是"沒有能成功地完成一些想要參與的活動(dòng)感到挫敗.",所以答案選擇B.

點(diǎn)評(píng) 要在整體理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上,辨析詞義,做出合理的推斷.

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23.A.cheerB.joinC.followD.watch
24.A.a(chǎn)nxiousB.patientC.weakD.fat
25.A.mouthB.lungC.backD.stomach
26.A.listened toB.turned toC.handed toD.pointed to
27.A StartB.continueC.tryD.know
28.A.beyondB.overC.behindD.through
29.A.moneyB.bodyC.strengthD.heart
30.A.thinnessB.difficultyC.heightD.trouble
31.A.shockedB.excitedC.interestedD.encouraged
32.A.veryB.tooC.muchD.so
33.A.soB.ifC.a(chǎn)ndD.but
34.A.parentsB.doctorsC.dreamD.teachers
35.A.InsteadB.MeanwhileC.FortunatelyD.Anyway
36.A.journeys.B.jobsC.performances.D.presences
37.A.returnsB.remainsC.keepsD.thinks
38.A respectedB.lovedC.caredD.received
39.A.silentB.sadC.shyD.proud
40.A.benefitB.improveC.limitD.prove.

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