【題目】At one time, the Iroquois Indians lived along the lakes and rivers of the northern part of New York.The five tribes (部落) — the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca — fought with each other for years.

In the late 1500s, a wise Iroquois man named Dekanawida had a dream.In his dream, he saw the end of the Indian wars.An Onondaga chief named Hiawatha agreed to help Dekanawida bring peace to the area.Hiawatha traveled from tribe to tribe, trying to persuade the tribal leaders to unite in peace.The leaders realized that if they stopped fighting, they could become a powerful force in the Northeast area.

The leaders of the five tribes set up a league, called the Iroquois League, which brought all five tribes together.They set up a kind of democratic (民主的) government in which each tribe had an equal voice.A Great Council was formed.Fortynine chiefs from every tribe were appointed to the Council.The members were all men, but they were chosen by the elder women of the tribes.The Council worked together to solve big issues for the league, while each tribe remained selfgoverning.

In 1722, the Iroquois League increased from five to six tribes when the Tuscarora tribe joined them.The Iroquois League controlled the fur trade in the area.They controlled land from Canada to Kentucky.The Iroquois League remained powerful for over 200 years.

Then during the War of Independence, most of the Iroquois League sided with the British.After the Americans defeated the British, many Iroquois villages were destroyed.The Iroquois were forced to move and live on reservations (印第安人居留地)．This caused the Iroquois League to become less powerful.

History shows that the writers of the United States Constitution used some of the same ideas as the Iroquois League.One section of the Iroquois Constitution is entitled “Rights of the People” and might be compared to the “Bill of Rights”．The Iroquois League’s constitution is often called America’s first democracy.

【1】The underlined word “voice” in Paragraph 3 could probably be replaced by“________”．

A. sound B. power

C. saying D. speech

【2】According to the text, the Iroquois League ________.

A. consisted of six tribes in the 17th century

B. became weak after the War of Independence

C. helped the Americans defeat the British

D. was greatly supported by the Americans

【3】The political system of the Iroquois League ________.

A. was ignored by American history experts

B. had nothing to do with the “Bill of Rights”

C. influenced the United States Constitution

D. was entitled “Rights of the People”

【4】Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. The Iroquois League

B. The American Indians

C. The culture of the Iroquois

D. The United States Constitution

【答案】

【1】B

【2】B

【3】C

【4】A

【解析】

本文是一篇?dú)v史知識(shí)的記敘文，北美洲土著部落形成的部落聯(lián)盟the Iroquois League團(tuán)結(jié)了原本分裂的各個(gè)部落形成了一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的聯(lián)盟，主宰了北美大陸的大片土地。聯(lián)盟的構(gòu)建體系對(duì)美國(guó)的憲法產(chǎn)生了一定的影響。

【1】猜測(cè)詞意題。根據(jù)本句“They set up a kind of democratic (民主的) government in which each tribe had an equal voice.”中“democratic”可知他們建立的是一個(gè)民主政府，所有的政府成員都有平等的權(quán)力。該詞意為“power”，故B項(xiàng)正確。

【2】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段后三句“After the Americans defeated the British, many Iroquois villages were destroyed. The Iroquois were forced to move and live on reservations (印第安人居留地)．This caused the Iroquois League to become less powerful.”可知在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以后，英國(guó)人被打敗了，很多“the Iroquois League”的村子被毀掉，族人被趕走，the Iroquois League

的權(quán)力被大大削弱了。故B項(xiàng)正確。

【3】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句“History shows that the writers of the United States Constitution used some of the same ideas as the Iroquois League.”可知美國(guó)的憲法也借鑒了the Iroquois League聯(lián)盟中一些類似的做法。說(shuō)明美國(guó)的憲法也受到the Iroquois League的影響。故C項(xiàng)正確。

【4】主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了北美洲土著部落形成的部落聯(lián)盟the Iroquois League團(tuán)結(jié)了原本分裂的各個(gè)部落形成了一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的聯(lián)盟，主宰了北美大陸的大片土地。聯(lián)盟的構(gòu)建體系對(duì)美國(guó)的憲法產(chǎn)生了一定的影響。故A項(xiàng)符合文章的中心思想。BCD三項(xiàng)都只涉及文章部分內(nèi)容。

本文小題4考查了主旨大意題中的標(biāo)題，A項(xiàng)是文章的中心思想，BCD三項(xiàng)都只涉及文章部分內(nèi)容，把包括的范圍縮小了。英語(yǔ)的閱讀文章為了表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密，很注意對(duì)范圍的限定，有時(shí)通過(guò)加上almost all，nearly，more than，normally，usually等詞對(duì)文意加以限制，“擴(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是通過(guò)改變或去掉限制性詞語(yǔ)，將信息中的范圍、程度、色彩等改變，從而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。

例：More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual to work. In the United States, the change from formal to casual office wear has been slow. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday. This became known as“dress-down Friday” or “casual Friday”. “What started out as an extra one-day-a week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing.” said business consultant Antony Jones.

Q：According to the passage, which of the following is True?

A. Company workers started to dress down about 30 years ago.

B. Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.

C.“Dress-down Friday” was first given as a favor from employers.

D. Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.

『個(gè)案解析』：此題中的選項(xiàng)B就是屬于擴(kuò)大了范圍。原文提到雇主允許雇員在Friday穿著較為隨便的衣服，而不是every day，此題的正確答案為D。

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