17.Most Cancer Is Out of Our Control

LIFESTYLE OR BAD LUCK?
IT DEPENDS ON THE CANCER

BASAL-CELL CARCINOMA
The most common skin cancer is triggered by exposure to UV rays.
LUNG
Smoking,and the carcinogens in tobacco
smoke,are the main drivers of lung cancer.

LIVER
Risk of this cancer
increases with age and heavy alcohol use.

We think we know what causes cancer:smoking,the sun's UV rays,tumor-causing genes we inherit from Mom and Dad.But these factors alone can't explain why cancer in its many forms is poised to edge out heart disease as America's No.1killer within the next few years.That rise has sparked a spate of research into how much of cancer is within our control and how much of it is simply a roll of the genetic dice.
Now,in an eye-opening study published in Science,researchers report that the majority of cancer types are the result of pure chance,the product of random genetic mutations(突變) that occur when stem cells-which keep the body chugging along,replacing older cells as they die off-make mistakes copying the cells'DNA.
Cristian Tomasetti at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine found that the more stem cells there are in certain kinds of tissues and the more often they divide,the more likely that tissue is to develop cancer over a person's lifetime.About 65% of cancers are the result of these DNA mistakes made by stem cells.
Only a small proportion of a tissue's cells are stem cells,which are essentially templates(范本) for making more tissue.The catch is that this kind of DNA copying is also the process behind cancer,which is triggered by cells that pick up mutations in their genes when they divide.
The element of chance does not,however,mean you should stop wearing sunscreen or take up smoking."My biggest fear is that people will do nothing.The opposite is true,"says Tomasetti,who stresses that while we may not be able to prevent all tumors,we can focus on early detection and taking advantage of lifesaving treatments like chemotherapy and radiation,among other things."We need to do everything we did before,but we want to do it even more than before."

58.Most of the cancer types are caused byB.
A.bad lifestyle     
B.genetic mutations
C.stem cells
D.a(chǎn)ging tissues
59.According to Tomasetti,A.
A.chances of cancer increase with more stem cells dividing
B.stem cells are essentially templates for making more tissue
C.People should stop wearing sunscreen or take up smoking
D.a(chǎn)ll tumors can be prevented through detection and radiation
60.The passage is meant toB.
A.persuade    
B.inform     
C.comment  
D.research.

分析 文章主要講了癌癥是由什么引起的,主要是告知人們應(yīng)多注意預(yù)防.

解答 58.B,細(xì)節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)句子researchers report that the majority of cancer types are the result of pure chance,the product of random genetic mutations(突變)可知,研究者報導(dǎo)說大多數(shù)癌癥是由于基因突變引起的,故答案為B.
59.A,細(xì)節(jié)理解題,根據(jù)句子Cristian Tomasetti at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine found that the more stem cells there are in certain kinds of tissues and the more often they divide,the more likely that tissue is to develop cancer over a person's lifetime可知,身體中某一些組織細(xì)胞越分裂,人的一生中就更有可能會有癌癥,故答案為A.
60.B,主旨大意題,文章主要講了癌癥是由什么引起的,主要是告知人們應(yīng)多注意預(yù)防,故答案為B.

點(diǎn)評 解答任務(wù)型閱讀理解題,首先對原文材料迅速瀏覽,掌握全文的主旨大意.因?yàn)殚喿x理解題一般沒有標(biāo)題,所以,速讀全文,抓住中心主旨很有必要,在速讀的過程中,應(yīng)盡可能多地捕獲信息材料.其次,細(xì)讀題材,各個擊破.掌握全文的大意之后,細(xì)細(xì)閱讀每篇材料后的問題,弄清每題要求后,帶著問題,再回到原文中去尋找、捕獲有關(guān)信息.最后,要善于抓住每段的主題句,閱讀時,要有較強(qiáng)的針對性.對于捕獲到的信息,要做認(rèn)真分析,仔細(xì)推敲,理解透徹,只有這樣,針對題目要求,才能做到穩(wěn)、準(zhǔn).

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