19.Some years ago,a Miami woman walking through an office building noticed two men standing together.Several minutes after her leaving,the men murdered a person working in the building.The police determined that the woman was the only witness and could possibly describe them.However,her memory of the men proved disappointingly unclear.Several days later,psychologist Ronald Fisher was brought in to obtain a more complete account from the woman.His interview produced a breakthrough-the woman reported a clear picture of one of the suspects.The important information enabled the police to arrest the suspect and close the case.
The police asked Fisher for help because of his rich knowledge in cognitive (認(rèn)知的) interview,a kind of memory-rebuilding process.Memory researchers have found that people trying to remember a past event often only recall part of the relevant information.Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress.But a person's accurate recall of an event or understanding of a question can be improved using specific interviewing techniques.The"cognitive interview"was developed in the late 1990s.It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else's questions.
The witness first describes what happened in his or her own words,with no interviewer interruptions.The interviewer then goes further with specific techniques,such as having the witness tell the detail',of what happened from different perspectives (角度).
The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques:thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events; reporting everything that comes to mind about those events,no matter how broken it is; retelling events in a variety of time orders,such as from beginning to end,end to beginning,forward or backward; and adopting different perspectives while recalling events.
Experiments with police detectives trained in this demanding interview method find that they obtain nearly 50% more information from witnesses than before training,while error rates remain about the same.It is proved that cognitive interviews are quite important tools in improving the accuracy and completeness of witness testimony(證詞).
60.The purpose of the passage is toD.
A.give an account of a murder case
B.help a witness to recall information in a cognitive interview
C.prove Fisher was an expert in cognitive interview
D.introduce an idea of cognitive interview
61.What is required to recall in a cognitive interview for a witness?A
A.The surroundings and feelings at the time of the event.
B.The information about the event in the time order.
C.The important things that come to his or her mind.
D.The exact time at which a murder took place.
62.The key point in a cognitive interview is thatC.
A.the interview should take place outside the police station
B.the interviewer should interrupt the witness from time to time
C.the witness is encouraged to take part in recalling information
D.the witness should recall details at the scene of the event
63.The underlined word"distorted"in the passage probably means"A_."
A.changed B.balanced C.a(chǎn)rranged D.examined.
分析 本篇文章由 Miami 的謀殺事件引出認(rèn)知訪談,接著介紹了認(rèn)知訪談這種喚醒記憶的方式.
解答 60-63 DACA
60:D 主旨題.第一段由 Miami 的謀殺事件引出認(rèn)知訪談,接著文章介紹了認(rèn)知訪談這種喚醒記憶的方式,所以作者的目的在于介紹認(rèn)知訪談,故正確答案為D.
61:A 細(xì)節(jié)題.由第四段第一句"The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques:thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events…"可知正確答案為A.
62:C 細(xì)節(jié)題.由第二段最后一句"It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else's questions."可知 cognitive interview 鼓勵(lì)目擊者積極投入到記憶喚醒中,C項(xiàng)符合文意,故正確答案為C.
63:A 用A項(xiàng)替換 distorted,則劃線詞所在句"Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress."意為"人類的記憶是有選擇性的,而且它常常由于壓力被扭曲",符合文意,所以A項(xiàng)正確.B項(xiàng)"平衡",C項(xiàng)"安排",D項(xiàng)"檢查",均不符合文意,故正確答案為A.
點(diǎn)評(píng) 做閱讀時(shí)經(jīng)常犯錯(cuò)的主要原因是,僅憑讀過文章后殘留在腦海中的一絲印象來勾選答案,這樣便很容易掉入出題人故意設(shè)布下的題目陷阱.所謂閱讀理解,對(duì)于題目的理解一定要忠實(shí)于原文,因此,每一道題都應(yīng)該與原文作全面的對(duì)比與核查,再得出答案.也就是說,閱讀理解的每一道題目,在原文都應(yīng)該有明確的出處,我們把這一出處叫做原文相關(guān)句,(1)排除與原文相關(guān)句主題不一致的選項(xiàng)(2)排除與原文相關(guān)句態(tài)度相反的選項(xiàng) (3)排除用于過于極端或負(fù)面的選項(xiàng)(4)注意結(jié)合文章主旨和主題去排除.