Question

12．Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior．
    One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards．Researchers at Harvard University in the United States did the study．They had about 200 college students play a game known as the Prisoner's Dilemma．The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group．
The students played in groups of four．Each player could win points for the group，so they would all gain equally．But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players，at a cost to the punisher．
Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation．The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least．
And the more a group punished itself，the lower its earnings．The group with the most punishment earned 25% less than the group with the least punishment．
The other study involved children．Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups．More than 800 children were ages two to four the first time they were tested．More than 700 children were ages five to nine．
The two groups were retested four years later，and the study compared the results with the first test．Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not．
The study says the IQs-or intelligence quotients-of the younger children who were not spanked（摑）were five points higher than those who were．In the older group，the difference was almost three points．
Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire has written extensively about physical punishment of children．He says the more they are spanked，the slower their mental development．He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common．
67．Which of the following is True about the game mentioned in the first paragraph？C
A．Prisoners are more interested in the first game than the university students．
B．The game is very popular with the students in Harvard University in the United States．
C．The game is played to test whether people are more cooperative on the basis of rewards．
D．The game is played in order to encourage the students to cooperate．
68．The underlined part in the third paragraph means the punisher will have toB．
A．lose some of his money              
B．lose some of the points
C．lose all the points of the group         
D．gain the points of the punished
69．What does the result of the first experiment imply？A
A．Rewards encourage better cooperation than punishments．
B．Individual interests are always a challenge to the group．
C．Four members will work better in one group．
D．The group that punished most gained nothing eventually．
70．What do we know about the second experiment in the passage？A
A．The whole experiment，including two tests，lasted four years．
B．Physical punishment was employed only in the younger group．
C．Children in both groups have acquired same IQ development．
D．No physical punishment was used in the younger group．

Answer 1

分析 文章主要介紹了兩項(xiàng)研究的過程和研究成果．近期的兩項(xiàng)研究顯示，懲罰不是影響行為的最好方法．其中一項(xiàng)研究顯示，成年人在一個基于獎勵的機(jī)制中更具合作性．另一項(xiàng)研究表明，懲罰不利于孩子心智的發(fā)展．

解答 67-70．CBAA
67題答案：C考查細(xì)節(jié)推理，根據(jù)第二段的One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards．一項(xiàng)研究顯示，成年人在一個基于獎勵的機(jī)制中更具合作性．由此可知該游戲的目的是為了測試在獎勵機(jī)制下人們是否會更加合作，故本題答案為C選項(xiàng)．
68題答案：B考查細(xì)節(jié)推理，結(jié)合文章第三段的Each player could win points for the group，so they would all gain equally．每位選手都能為小組贏得分?jǐn)?shù)，這樣他們的分?jǐn)?shù)都是一樣的．可知后面的劃線部分"懲罰者要付出一定代價"可知這里的代價指的是"懲罰者會因?yàn)閼土P他人而失去一些分?jǐn)?shù)"，故本題答案為B選項(xiàng)．
69題答案：A考查細(xì)節(jié)推理，第一個實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明：獎勵最多的組比獎勵最少的組得分高兩倍，懲罰最多的組比懲罰最少的組得分少25%．由此可知獎勵機(jī)制比懲罰機(jī)制更有助于激發(fā)合作，故本題答案為A選項(xiàng)．
70題答案：A考查細(xì)節(jié)推理，根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第三段的The two groups were retested four years later．（四年后這兩組又進(jìn)行了再測試）可知包含兩次測試在內(nèi)的試驗(yàn)持續(xù)了四年，故本題答案為A選項(xiàng)．

點(diǎn)評 本文是一篇科教類閱讀，題目涉及多道細(xì)節(jié)理解題，做題時結(jié)合原文和題目有針對 性找出相關(guān)語句進(jìn)行仔細(xì)分析，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)選出正確答案．推理判斷也是要在抓住關(guān)鍵句子的基礎(chǔ)上合理的分析才能得出正確的答案．