【題目】

The topic of argument is __________.

【答案】見解析

【解析】controversial

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【題目】NSE Summer School is suitable for those who are at, or are about to start university. lt will begin accepting applications in January 2013.

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【題目】Observational Learning: To See Is to Know

A group of psychologists, led by Albert Bandura, developed social learning theory, which emphasizes the fact that much learning occurs in a social context. This kind of learning, which results simply from observing and imitating the behavior of others, is called observational learning. Observational learning helps people acquire proper behavior in their families and cultures. By watching others, we learn how to greet people, eat, laugh and tell jokes. Do you still remember your first few days in senior grade one? By watching others, you learned how people talked to each other, what clothes were “fashionable,” and how to interact with instructors.

With modeling, you observe others’ behavior, and then none, some, or all of the behavior may be learned and repeated, or modified. In one of Bandura’s classic studies, children were divided into three groups: One group watched an adult beating up a Bobo doll, one group watched an adult ignoring the Bobo doll, and the third didn’t see an adult at all. After being mildly frustrated by being placed in a room with toys, but not being allowed to play with some of them, all of the children were then placed in another room with a variety of toys, including a Bobo doll. Children in the first group tended to imitate what they had seen, mistreating the doll (and inventing new ways to abuse it).

Researchers have discovered that several characteristics of models can make learning through observation more effective. Not surprisingly, the more you pay attention to the model, the more you learn. You are more likely to pay attention if the model is an expert, is good looking, has high status, or is socially powerful. Second, by watching others, we learn about what behavior is appropriate for people like ourselves, so models who are seen as similar are more readily imitated. All students need to see successful, capable models who look and sound like them.

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Observational Learning: To See Is to Know

【1】__________ and application of observational learning

Observational learning is learning that occurs through 【2】 ________

and imitation of others.

Observational learning helps people learn how to behave 【3】_______

in their families and cultures.

Models and their 【4】_________

Models are the people who present behavior for you to imitate.

Bandura’s study shows that if children observe an adult beating up a doll, they will become 【5】 __________.

Characteristics of models that make observational learning more effective.

Children are more 【6】__________ to imitate models who are experts, good looking, powerful and have high status.

Models 【7】_________ to ourselves promote observational learning.

How to use observational learning in【8】________

Modeling the【9】 ________ behaviors and attitudes is an important approach.

Using peers, especially class leaders, as models is another method.

【10】_________ the help of class leaders in modeling behavior is also a good choice.

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A. Graham is still using drugs now.

B. Graham hates his mother very much.

C. Graham thinks he can’t be saved.

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