15．Learning to read and write is a complex process，which can be disrupted in various ways，leading to disorders known as dyslexia and dysgraphia（讀寫障礙）．Two new studies，published in a recent special issue of Elsevier's Cortex provide evidence of this variety，suggesting that effective treatment needs to take it into account．
A group of researchers from the Universities of Bari and Rome in Italy studied the reading and writing abilities of 33Italian dyslexic children，comparing their performance with that of children with normal reading ability．Italian is an"orthographically transparent"language，meaning that letters tend to correspond to the same sounds，whereas many letters in the English alphabet change their sound from word to word （like the"c"in car and city）．However，the new study showed that even in Italian，in which it is relatively straightforward to convert sounds into letters，children still have difficulty in spelling．Younger children with dyslexia generally performed worse than proficient readers； however，the older ones showed a more selective impairment when spelling words，suggesting that knowledge of vocabulary may be more important in spelling than previously thought．
The other study，from Tel Aviv University，Israel，provided the first systematic description of a type of reading disorder called"attentional dyslexia"in which children identify letters correctly，but the letters jump between words on the page，e．g．，"kind wing"is read as"wind king"．Teachers and neuron-psychologists often notice that children substitute letters when reading，but in this type of dyslexia the substitutions are not caused by inability to identify letters or convert them into sounds； they result from migrations of letters between words．The findings showed that letters would mostly migrate to the same position in another word，so the first letter of one word would switch places with the first letter of another word．Awareness to the existence of this type of dyslexia is important，because it suggests a straightforward way to assist these children in reading--by presenting a?single word at a time，e．g．，with the help of a word-sized window cut in a piece of cardboard．
58．We know from the first new study thatB．
A．Italian is easier to learn in comparison with English
B．knowledge of vocabulary has a close link with spelling
C．in Italian each letter has only one correspondent sound
D．children with normal reading ability have no trouble in converting letters into sounds
59．As is inferred from the passage，C．
A．many people cannot distinguish learning to read and learning to write
B．converting letters into sounds is more difficult than the other way round
C．younger children usually have a poorer knowledge of vocabulary
D．in the past not enough attention is paid to knowledge of vocabulary
60．In"attentional dyslexia"，childrenD．
A．do not pay enough attention to the meaning of each word
B．a(chǎn)re not capable of telling letters apart
C．can not change letters into sounds accordingly
D．tend to transfer the first letter from one word to another．
分析 本文屬于說明文閱讀，作者通過這篇文章主要向我們描述了閱讀障礙和書寫障礙癥的研究，并提出了治療這兩種疾病的有效方法．
解答 58．B．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第二段：however，the older ones showed a more selective impairment when spelling words，suggesting that knowledge of vocabulary may be more important in spelling than previously thought可知詞匯與拼寫有著密切的聯(lián)系；故選B．
59．C．推理判斷題．根據(jù)第二段：children still have difficulty in spelling．Younger children with dyslexia generally performed worse than proficient readers可知年輕的孩子通常有一個貧窮的詞匯知識；故選C．
60．D．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)最后一段：The findings showed that letters would mostly migrate to the same position in another word，so the first letter of one word would switch places with the first letter of another word可知注意閱讀障礙的孩子閱讀信件會從一個詞跳到另一個詞；故選D．
點評 考察學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力，做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時一定要找到文章中的原句，和題干進(jìn)行比較，再做出正確的選擇．在做推理判斷題不要以個人的主觀想象代替文章的事實，要根據(jù)文章事實進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．
