Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated 'because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
1.    Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
2.    Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.
3.    Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. 's with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. 's shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. 's tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
小題1: The author states that many educators feel that            
[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.
[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.
[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.
[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.
小題2:  Research has shown that          
[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. 's in financial attainment.
[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.
[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.
[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.
小題3:  Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.
[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.
[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.
[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.
[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.
小題4:  After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that          
[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.
[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.
[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.
[D] Ph. D. 's are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.
小題5:  It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in            
[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.
[B] academic requirement too high.
[C] salary for dropouts too high.
[D] 1000 positions.

小題1:A
小題2:D
小題3:C
小題4:A
小題5:A
　
　這是一篇論及"博士生輟學(xué)"的文章。采用對比和因果手法。文章一開始就提出教育工作者嚴(yán)重關(guān)注博士生輟學(xué)達(dá)50％的問題。而調(diào)查報告證明，只有31％。輟學(xué)造成不良后果，有人建議中途退學(xué)者回爐再念博士學(xué)位學(xué)業(yè)。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。
小題1: A. 許多教育工作者感到應(yīng)采取步驟讓輟學(xué)者回校學(xué)習(xí)，特別是有些學(xué)科。這在第三段最后一句話：“有些人建議高級專家和大學(xué)教師短缺現(xiàn)象可以通過勸說輟學(xué)者返回校園完成博士學(xué)位來減少�！�
B. 輟學(xué)者應(yīng)回到稍第幾的學(xué)校去完成學(xué)業(yè)。 C. 有博士學(xué)位的人一般比輟學(xué)者具有較好的適應(yīng)性。 D. 高輟學(xué)率主要原因在于教師方面缺乏刺激鼓勵。這三項文內(nèi)沒有提。
小題2:  D.約三分之一開始就讀博士學(xué)位的人沒有完成學(xué)業(yè)取得學(xué)位。第二段第一句：“輟學(xué)率為31％。大多數(shù)情況下，輟學(xué)人不能完成博士學(xué)位學(xué)業(yè)，就去從事生產(chǎn)性工作”。
A. 輟學(xué)者的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入比博士生低許多。這是錯的。見倒數(shù)第二段：“作為輟學(xué)者干得真不錯的證明，統(tǒng)計圖表說明2％人文學(xué)科的輟學(xué)者年收入為20000多沒勁，沒有一個同樣背景的博士生達(dá)到這個數(shù)字。7000至15000美元年收入水平為博士生的78％，輟學(xué)者僅為50％�！� B. 在博士學(xué)習(xí)中刺激因素較小。 C. 博士預(yù)備生如果中途退學(xué)很可能改變其專業(yè)領(lǐng)域。
小題3:   C. 博士生應(yīng)達(dá)到外語要求的水平是許多博士生課程的一個基本組成部分。這在第四段有所表示：“約75％的退學(xué)者說，他們決定退學(xué)并不是處于學(xué)術(shù)的原因，而處于學(xué)術(shù)原因的退學(xué)者提出：難以通過資格考試，難以完成研究，通不過外語考試”。這里看出外語是博士生課程的基本組成部分。
A. 它是退學(xué)最頻繁的原因。 B. 它對理科博士生比文科博士應(yīng)考生更難。 D. 它在大學(xué)中的難度并沒有不同。
小題4: A. 讀完這篇文章，人們不會有這種結(jié)論。這在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我們研究的結(jié)果并不支持這些一件（包括返回校園之意見）：⑴缺乏動力是退學(xué)的主要原因。⑵大多數(shù)退學(xué)者在博士課程上已經(jīng)達(dá)到和他們的能力水平和專業(yè)水平相一致的水平。⑶大多數(shù)退學(xué)者現(xiàn)在從事的工作和他們所受教育和動機相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25％的退學(xué)生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現(xiàn)有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作。”
B. 博士生退學(xué)者，大體而論，并不具備得到學(xué)位所需要的一切。 C. 學(xué)院和大學(xué)雇傭了許多退學(xué)生。 D. 博士生在非學(xué)術(shù)崗位上沒有掙到他們應(yīng)得的錢。B.、C.兩項文內(nèi)沒提。D.不對，參見難句譯注4。
小題5:  A. 博士生的工資太低。見第四題A.的譯注和難句譯注4。
B. 學(xué)術(shù)要求太高。這只是某些因?qū)W術(shù)原因輟學(xué)者之強調(diào)點。 C. 輟學(xué)者工資太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。見第二題D項注釋。 D. 職位低。文內(nèi)沒有提。
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Sorry to say, our brains naturally start slowing down at the Cruelty young age of 30. It used to be thought that this couldn't be helped, but new studies show that people of any age can train their brains to work faster. "Your brain is a learning machine," says University of California scientist Dr. Michael Merzenich. Given the right tools, we can train our brains to act like they did when we were younger. All that's required is the practice designed just for the purpose: a few exercises for the mind.
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To keep your brain young and plastic you can do one of a million new activities that challenge and excite you: playing table tennis or bridge, doing crossword puzzles, learning a language.... "When it comes to preventing ageing, you really do 'use it or lose it' ," says Barbara Sahakian, professor at Cambridge University.
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A．speech trainingB．computer languages
C．the activities one joins inD．the information being dealt with
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A．usedB．masteredC．developedD．researched
小題3:What can we learn from the text?
A．Practice makes a quick mind.
B．Brain research started ten yeas ago.
C．Dr. Merzenich is a scientist in computer,
D．People believed nothing could stop the brain slowing down.
小題4: Which of the following agrees with the writer's idea?
A．The training methods work better for the old.
B．People should use the brain to stop it from ageing.
C．The training of the brain should start at an early age.
D． It's necessary to take part in as many activities as possible.

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A．A lecture translation can translate what you said into other languages easily.?
B．There is no Muscle Translator in the world now.?
C．Muscle Translators can translate what you think into speech if you just move your mouth.?
D．The spontaneous translators will help us a lot.
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A．Lecture Translation.
B．Muscle Translator.?
C．Multiple Translator.
D．Translation Prototype.
小題3: What's the final destination of inventing the language translators??
A．To make cultural exchanges between different countries easier.?
B．To help students learn foreign languages more easily.?
C．To make people live in foreign countries more comfortably.?
D．To help people learn more foreign languages in the future.
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A．A newspaper.B．A magazine on science.?
C．A fairy tale.D．A scientific fantasy book.

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A．Decoding the blueprint of life
B．Super Science High School
C．More students hoping to become biologists
D．Hi-tech experimental laboratory
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A．hi-tech experimental facilities
B．the great pressure their school put on them
C．the increasing number of biologists
D．little interest in their regular school work
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A．become an English textbook
B．help the students make English friends
C．make the results known by the whole world
D．challenge foreign scientists
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A．indifferentB．a(chǎn)dmiring
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Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.
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A．Diane Fossey
B．the gorillas in Rwanda
C．the protection of the gorillas
D．the film Gorillas in the Mist
小題2:We can learn from the text that _____.
A．Gorillas in the mist was based Fossey’s experiences
B．Lowland gorillas live longer than mountain gorillas
C．King Kong showed us that a gorilla is admirable
D．Diane Fossey was murdered by a gorilla
小題3:What message can we get from the two photos in the magazine?
A．Gorillas are man’s close friends.
B．Both man and the gorilla need to be saved.
C．Young gorillas are as lovely as human babies.
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The department gave a report on the expulsions (開除)as saying handguns accounted for 58 percent of the 6093 expulsions in 2005—2006, against 7 percent for rifles(步槍)or shotguns and 35 percent for other types of firearms.
“the report is a dear sign that our nation’s public schools are cracking down” on students who bring guns to school, ” Education Secretary Richard Riey said in a statement. “We need to be tough-minded about keeping guns out of our schools and do everything to keep our children safe.”
In March 2006, a 1l-year-old boy and a 13-year-old boy using handguns and rifles shot dead four children and a teacher at a school in Jonesboro, Arkansas. In October, two were killed and seven wounded in a shooting at a Mississippi school. Two months later, a 14-year-old boy killed three high school students and wounded five in Daducab, Kentucky.
“Most of the expulsions, 56 percent were from high schools, which have students from about age 13, 34 percent were from junior high schools and 9 percent were from elementary schools”, the report said.
小題1:From the first paragraph we can infer that in the US schools______.
A．students enjoy shootingB．students are eager to be soldiers
C．safety is a problemD．students can make guns
小題2:The report from the US Department of Education shows that______.
A．the number of the expulsions is not largeB．the number of the expulsions is wrong
C．there are soldiers hiding among the studentsD．guns are out of control in US schools
小題3:The main idea of paragraph four shows us______.
A．some examples of shootings in US schoolB．the Americans’ feeling
C．some famous schoolsD．that some teachers were killed by students
小題4: How many students were shot dead in 2006 in US schools?
A．10B．9C．12D．22
小題5:From this passage we know that______.
A．every American cannot have gunsB．only soldiers and police can have guns
C．every American citizen can own gunsD．teachers have no money to buy guns

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NASA is moving ahead with plans to put a long-armed lander on Mars’ icy north pole to search for clues①for water and possible signs of life.
The $386 million Phoenix Mars is planned to touch down in the Martian arctic in 2008. The stationary probe will use its robotic arm to dig into the icy land and pick up soil samples②to analyze. In 2002, the Mars Odyssey orbiter spotted evidence of ice-rich soil near the arctic surface.
Scientists hope the Phoenix mission will find clues to the geologic history of water on the Red Planet and determine whether microbes③existed in the ice.
Phoenix will be the first mission of the Mars Scout program, a renewed, low-cost effort to study the Red Planet. “The Phoenix mission explores new territory in the northern plains of Mars analogous to the permafrost regions on Earth,” Peter Smith said.
True to its name, Phoenix rose from the ashes of previous④missions. The lander for Phoenix was built to fly as part of the 2001 Mars Surveyor program. But the program broke down after the well-known disappearance of the Mars Polar Lander in 1999. The Polar Lander lost contact during a landing attempt near the planet’s south pole after its rocket engine shut off prematurely, causing the spacecraft to fall about 130 feet to almost certain destruction.
The Phoenix probe had been in storage at a Lockheed Martin clean room in Denver before it was reused for its present mission. It will carry science instruments that were designed for the Mars Surveyor program including an improved panoramic camera and a trench-digging robotic arm. Phoenix will lift off from the Kennedy Space Center in August 2007 and land on the planet nine months later.
Notes:
①    clue  n. 線索
②    sample  n. 標(biāo)本，樣品
③    microbe  n. 微生物
④    previous  adj. 先前的
小題1:The passage mainly tells readers that _________.
A．clues of water will be found in Phoenix
B．Phoenix will be sent to find clues of water on Mars
C．August 2007 will see Phoenix lift off
D．the Mars Scout program will be carried out
小題2: The underlined word “prematurely” (paragraph 5) means _________.
A．on timeB．behind the timeC．out of workD．a(chǎn)head of time
小題3: According to the passage, we know Phoenix will land on Mars _________.
A．in May 2008B．in August 2007
C．in August 2008D．in September 2008
小題4: According to the passage, the name “Phoenix” is after the meaning of _________.
A．rebirthB．deathC．energyD．hope
小題5:After Phoenix lands on Mars, we can infer it will firstly _________.
A．find soil samples and send them to the earth
B．look for the icy land to dig for the soil samples
C．take photos and send them to the earth
D．find the remains of the Mars Polar Lander

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Imagine a training course that helps you in your specific job. Imagine tools and techniques that are so closely connected with your work that you can apply them directly to it. Imagine receiving an Open University (OU) certificate (證書) in a course which states what you have studied and achieved.
It may sound fantastic, but it’s a reality at the Open University’s CCPD, which is making learning while you work more flexible (靈活的) than ever before.
The courses are starting to change workplace learning completely. Paige, who took CCPD’s courses, said the study had changed her whole way of thinking. “It was excellent for so many reasons,” she said. “It developed me as a person and as an employee and taught me particular techniques. I was always able to bring what I’d learned into the office the next day and apply it to my job.”
Even better news for Paige was that her employer paid the full cost of her study. She became one of thousands of OU students whose fees were paid by employers who recognized the value of an OU education.
“These courses are designed for CCPD rather than as part of a formal certificate,” said Kathy, an OU teacher. “We pay more attention to development rather than assessment (評估). Our role is to give them personal developmental advice, not a mark.”
Paige is just one of 200,000 students who are learning at OU. CCPD itself is just a part of an organization that offers courses and qualifications in 360 subjects and has so far helped to develop the skills and knowledge of more than two million people.
“Education does not stop with getting a degree,” said Charles Edwards, CCPD’s director. “In a fast-moving economy you cannot afford to rely on the degree you got some time ago. You must keep updating your knowledge.”
For details on CCPD’s courses and to register with the 10% discount available to members, visit www.open.ac.uk.
小題1:According to the passage, CCPD’s courses are ________.
A．required courses for formal academic qualifications
B．training courses for professional development
C．special courses for a master’s degree
D．elective courses for university students
小題2:The example of Paige is given to show ________.
A．the benefits of lifelong learning
B．how completely learning has changed
C．the value of CCPD’s courses of the OU
D．the importance of hard work
小題3:It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that ________.
A．Paige has got promoted after learning CCPD’s courses
B．a(chǎn)n OU education has been accepted by many employers
C．Paige is the best employee in her company
D．most employers care for their employees
小題4:According to the passage, CCPD’s courses focus on ________.
A．a(chǎn)ssessment of learners
B．learners’ personal development
C．the academic knowledge of learners
D．classroom learning

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Few people would defend the Victorian attitude on children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and his colleagues did away with all that and parents have been puzzled ever since. The child’s happiness is all- important, they say, but what about the parents’ happiness? Modern child-rearing manuals（撫養(yǎng)孩子手冊）would never permit cruelty to children .The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological(心理的)wounds you might cause? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful experience. So it is the parents that bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complex which a hundred years ago hadn’t even been heard of. Certainly, a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissive(縱容) of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.
Psychologists(心理學(xué)家) have succeeded in weakening parents confidence in their own authority. And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on child care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are regulated according to the needs of their kids. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lack of authority over the years makes teenagers rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for example, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey?
小題1:The author says that today’s parents _______.
A．a(chǎn)re bombarded with excessive amounts of child-care literature.
B．draw a distinction between permissiveness and carelessness.
C．a(chǎn)re only towards children from happy home backgrounds.
D．weigh their children’s knowledge rather than intelligence.
小題2:The phrase “get wind of” (Para.2) most likely means _______ .
A．become used toB．try to avoid
C．realizeD．become puzzled of
小題3:Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?
A．Victorian child rearing is a model for parents to follow.
B．Psychologists have much to answer for today’s problems on child care.
C．With the help of so much advice, raising children is easier than ever.
D．Parents like to enjoy the freedom when there is a party in the house.
小題4:What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．The excessive permissiveness of today’s parents is harmful to children.
B．Psychologists shouldn’t interfere so much with child care.
C．Parents should hold the Victorian attitudes towards children.
D．Children are too sensitive to be hurt.

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