Question

【題目】 John B. Goodenough, an engineering professor from the University of Texas at Austin, has been awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry-jointly with M. Stanley Whittingham, a chemistry professor from the State University of New York and Japan’s Akira Yoshino, a professor of Meijo University-for the development of lithium-ion batteries (鋰電池). According to the Nobel Committee, the three scientists “have created the right conditions for a wireless and fossil fuel-free society, and so brought the greatest benefit to humankind”.

Goodenough, born in 1922, identified and developed the key materials that can power portable electronics, leading to the wireless revolution. Today, batteries containing Goodenough’s innovations are used worldwide for mobile phones, power tools, laptops, tablets and other wireless devices, as well as electric vehicles.

Goodenough received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Yale University and a doctorate in physics from the university of Chicago. He beat the odds against him, first overcoming dyslexia (閱讀困難癥) as a child, and then the claim of a teacher who told the doctoral student in his 20s that he had started too late to be successful in physics.

He began his career in 1952 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lincoln Laboratory, where he laid the groundwork for the development of random-access memory (RAM) for the digital computer. After MIT, Goodenough became a professor and head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford where in 1979 he discovered it would be possible to store energy in rechargeable batteries through lithium cobalt oxide (鋰鈷氧化物).That discovery helped develop the lithium-ion battery. Goodenough joined the University of Texas at Austin in 1986, where his groundbreaking work continued.

At 97 years old, he still continues to push the boundaries of materials science. Despite the lithium-ion battery being well developed and available as a commercial product, it has its limitations. It can’t be charged too fast or overcharged. Goodenough still wants to see some new developments.

“I hope Ut-Austin still keeps me employed,” Goodenough once joked.

【1】The underlined phrase “beat the odds” in Paragraph 3 means “ “.

A.become very famousB.face the challenges

C.win the competitionD.overcome the difficulties

【2】What can we infer from the passage?

A.In MIT, Goodenough made the important discovery leading to the development of the Lithium-ion battery.

B.When he studied for his doctorate in university, not all his teachers encouraged him to be successful.

C.According to the Nobel Committee, Goodenough made the greatest contributions in the discovery.

D.Because of his old age, Goodenough found it difficult to improve the limitations of the lithium-ion battery.

【3】What is the best title for the text?

A.The Father of the Lithium-ion Batteries.B.Three Scientists are Awarded the Nobel Prize.

C.Make the World “Good enough”.D.It’s Never too Old to Learn.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】D

【2】B

【3】C

【解析】

這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了“為人類帶來了最大利益”的三位科學(xué)家：工程教授John B. Goodenough、化學(xué)教授M.Stanley Whittingham和日本明治大學(xué)教授Akira Yoshino共同獲得了2019年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。文章詳細(xì)說明了John B. Goodenough的發(fā)明，以及其職業(yè)生涯。

【1】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)后文first overcoming dyslexia as a child可知先是在孩童時(shí)期克服了誦讀困難，由此可知，本句在說明他克服了重重困難。故劃線短語意思為“克服困難”。故選D。

【2】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中then the claim of a teacher who told the doctoral student in his 20s that he had started too late to be successful in physics. 可知后來，一名教師告訴這位20多歲的博士生，他起步太晚，在物理學(xué)上不可能取得成功。由此可推知，當(dāng)他在大學(xué)攻讀博士學(xué)位時(shí)，并不是所有的老師都鼓勵(lì)他取得成功。故選B。

【3】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中According to the Nobel Committee, the three scientists “have created the right conditions for a wireless and fossil fuel-free society, and so brought the greatest benefit to humankind”.可知根據(jù)諾貝爾委員會(huì)的說法，這三位科學(xué)家“為無線和無化石燃料社會(huì)創(chuàng)造了合適的條件，從而為人類帶來了最大的利益”。結(jié)合文章主要介紹了這三位科學(xué)家中的John B. Goodenough，介紹了他發(fā)現(xiàn)并開發(fā)了為便攜式電子設(shè)備供電的關(guān)鍵材料，從而引發(fā)了無線革命。以及其職業(yè)生涯。故C選項(xiàng)：讓世界“足夠好”。符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。

詞義猜測題是高考閱讀理解中�？碱}型之一，可以大致分為

① 定義猜詞，可以根據(jù)定義信息和舉例猜測詞義。如文中常用refer to, be called或that's to say, such as等。

② 邏輯猜詞可以根據(jù)同義詞、反義詞、因果關(guān)系詞等猜測詞義，例如，similarly, the same as, but, however, while, on the other hand, since ,because等，所猜詞與這些提示詞前/后面部分的含義一樣、相反或是前因后果。

③ 語法猜詞，可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，再結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行猜詞。

④ 語境猜詞，猜測詞義離不開上下文的語境，通過上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合理的分析，同時(shí)還要關(guān)注其所在的整段及整篇文章。

⑤ 指代猜詞即找出人稱代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞等所指代的內(nèi)容，做題時(shí)要注意指代詞的位置，以便于判斷，然后用所找的指代內(nèi)容替換劃線代詞，核實(shí)其邏輯、意義、位置等是否一致，最后比較所找部分與選項(xiàng)，確定意思最接近的選項(xiàng)。

如第一小題，根據(jù)后文first overcoming dyslexia as a child可知先是在孩童時(shí)期克服了誦讀困難，由此可知，本句在說明他克服了重重困難。故劃線短語意思為“克服困難”。故選D。