（B）
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive．
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions．They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors．There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory．The controversy is often referred to as “nature/nurture”．
Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors．That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory．Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts．
Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act．A behaviorist, B．F．Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings．The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior．
Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior．In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes．That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．
69．Which of the following statements would the supporters of the “nature” theory agree with?
A．A person’s instincts have little effect on his actions．
B．Environment is important in determining a person’s behavior and personality．
C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act．
D．The behaviorists’ view correctly explains how we act．
70．Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article____________．
A．supports the nature theory
B．supports the nurture theory
C．believes both are completely wrong
D．thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories．
71．In the United States, Black people often score below White people on intelligence tests．With this in mind, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A．Nature proponents would say that Whites are genetically superior to Blacks．
B．Supporters of the nature theory would say that Whites score well because they have a superior environment．
C．Behaviorists would say that Blacks often lack the educational and environmental advantages that Whites enjoy．
D．Nurture proponents would disagree that Blacks are biologically inferior to Whites．

D
Both warm-blooded and cold-blooded desert animals have ways to escape the desert heat. Warm-blooded desert animals, such as rats and mice, rest during the day, often staying in cool underground burrows. At night they search for food. Animals that are out during the day, such as cold-blooded lizards and snakes, are active only for short periods. As their body temperature rises, these reptiles move into the shade in order to cool down. In the early evening, when the sun grows weaker, the reptiles become more active and begin their search for food again.
Getting enough water to survive is a major problem for all desert animals. Some desert animals, such as the kangaroo rat and the related jerboa, get water only from the food that they eat. Because these animals eat mainly dry seeds, they must survive on a tiny amount of water.
Most deserts have only a small number of frogs and toads because these animals must be near water to survive. Yet even these creatures have adapted to desert conditions. When small amounts of water collect in temporary streams, the desert-living frogs and toads become active. After a rainfall, they lay their eggs. The eggs grow into tadpoles in a few days and into adults in just four weeks. When the puddles dry up, the adult frogs or toads dig into the ground. Their metabolism(新陳代謝) slows, and they stay beneath the ground until the next rain, which may be as good as a year away. Until then, their bodily activities continue at a reduced rate.
The camel---often called the ship of the desert---is one of the most successful desert animals. Camels can go for long periods without water, but eventually they must drink. When water becomes available to them after a long drought, they may drink 95 liters of water or more. When water is not available, what helps camels survive the desert heat is the fat stored in their humps. A camel’s hump contains about 12 kilograms of fat. Fat is rich in hydrogen. As the fat is digested, hydrogen from the fat combines with oxygen in the air that the camel breathes. The result is H2O, or water. Each kilogram of fat that a camel digests produces about a liter of water.
71. Desert animals are usually more active at night because ______.
A. it is cooler at night           B.it is easier to find water
C.they like the dark            D. they are less likely to be attacked at night
72. Which of the following desert animals can get water only from the food?
A. The camel.       B. The kangaroo rat.     C. The frog.      D. The toad
73. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. All the desert animals rest during the day.
B. All the desert animals don’t rest during the day.
C. Cold-blooded desert animals don’t rest during the day.
D. None of the cold-blooded desert animals go out during the day.
74. The title for this passage could probably be ________.
A. Hot Deserts                         B. Desert Animals
C. How Desert Animals Get Water         D. Ways To Escape the Desert Heat
75. The underlined word “burrows” in the first paragraph can be replaced by _________.
A. holes     B. caves     C. rooms      D. Openings

An important scientific report announced “irrefutable（不能反駁的） proof” that climate change is happening and it’s all our fault. How long has it been before people are against the global warming idea? But here’s a funny thing. Last year there was a very bad hurricane season in the Caribbean when, among other disasters, New Orleans was all but wiped off the map. We were wisely informed by the experts at the time that this was owing to global warming.
I remember watching a BBC science programme and hearing a learned professor with a beard tell us, “The increased frequency and strength of hurricanes is what we shall have to learn to expect given global warming.”
This year there have been far fewer hurricanes and those there have been were relatively mild. Why？Global warming again of course. Professor Bjorn Lomborg, author of The Skeptical Environmentalist, writes, “In the constant media reports of possible greenhouse related disasters, almost any event is now linked to climate change.” He adds, “We should not spend vast amounts of money to cut a tiny slice of the global temperature increase when this leads to a poor use of resources and when we could probably use these funds far more effectively in the developing world.” For saying this, Lomborg has had death threats.
Other scientists who do not toe the global warming-is-happening-and-it’s-all-our-fault line have received the same. There are plenty of people who count against global warming. A world of senior climatologists and meteorologists wrote to the Times last year to complain that they couldn’t get their research findings published — because they disagreed to it. We have had a warm autumn. The experts,  fanatics（狂熱者） all of them, put it down to global warming. If we have an extra cold winter, they will tell us it’s a result of global warming. If my big toe feels cold or hurts badly, it will be owing to global warming.
52. The purpose of this passage may be to ____.
A. support the idea of global warming  
B. organize a debate about global warming
C. speak out against the global warming idea
D. encourage people to use money effectively
53. What happened to New Orleans last year?
A. It was badly destroyed.                          B. It disappeared in the world.
C. It witnessed global warming.               D. It experienced several disasters.
54. From the passage, we can infer that ____.
A. people are taking too many efforts to stop global warming
B. people have realized the side effect of development
C. a different idea sometimes may cost one his life
D. the majority usually stand for the correct opinion
55. The main idea of the last paragraph may be ____.
A. global warming may lead to toe’s catching cold in a sense
B. the Times refuses to publish articles on global warming
C. a warming autumn is not related to global warming at all
D. it is certainly incorrect to owe everything to global warming

第三部分：閱讀理解（共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）
      閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。
A
Reading poems is not exactly an everyday activity for most people. In fact, many people never read a poem once they get out of high school.
It is worth reminding ourselves that this has not always been the case in America. In the nineteenth century, a usual American activity was to sit around the fireside in the evening and read poems aloud. It is true that there was no television at the time, nor movie theaters, nor World Wide Web, to provide diversion. However, poems were a source of pleasure, of self-education, of connection to other people or to the world beyond one’s own community. Reading them was a social act as well as an individual one, and perhaps even more social than individual. Writing poems to share with friends and relations was, like reading poems by the fireside, another way in which poetry has a place in everyday life.
How did things change? Why are most Americans no longer comfortable with poetry, and why do most people today think that a poem has nothing to tell them and that they can do well without poems?
There are, I believe, three culprits(肇事者)：poets, teachers, and we ourselves. Of these, the least important is the third: the world surrounding the poem has betrayed us more than we have betrayed the poem. Early in the twentieth century, poetry in English headed into directions unfavorable to the reading of poetry. Readers decided that poems were not for the fireside or the easy chair at night, that they belonged where other difficult-to-read things belonged.
Poets failed the readers, so did teachers. They want their students to know something about the skills of a poem, they want their students to see that poems mean something. Yet what usually occurs when teachers push these concerns on their high school students is that young people decide poems are unpleasant crossword puzzles.
56．Reading poems is thought to be a social act in the nineteenth century because___________.
A．it built a link among people           B．it helped unite a community
C．it was a source of self-education     D．it was a source of pleasure
57． The underlined word “diversion”(in Paragraph 2) most probably means “________”.
A．concentration B．change         C．a(chǎn)musements   D．stories
58．According to the passage, what is the main cause of the great gap between readers and poetry?
A．Students are becoming less interested in poetry.
B．Students are poorly educated in high school.
C．TV and the Internet are more attractive than poetry.
D．Poems have become difficult to understand.
59．In the last paragraph, the writer questions_______.
A．the difficulty in studying poems       B．the way poems are taught in school
C．students’ wrong ideas about poetry        D．the techniques used in writing poems

C
Not even Dan Brown and his Da Vinci code—breakers(密碼破譯者)dared deal with the mystery of Mona Lisa，s smile．But Nicu Sebe，a computer expert the University of Amsterdam，the Netherlands，did．He used’emotion recognition’software to process the famous painting and found Mona Lisa happy(83 per cent)and slightly disgusted(厭煩的)(9 per cent)．
Faces show emotions. Psychology，computer science，and engineering researchers are joining forces to teach machines to read expressions．If they succeed，your computer may one day“read”your mood．Machines equipped with emotional skills could also be used in teaching，gaming，mind－reading，etc.
“Mind Reader”，a system developed by Rosalind Picard at MIT(the Massachusetts Institute of Tech’nology)in the US, uses input from a video camera to do real—time analysis of facial expressions. It reports on whether you seem“interested”or“agreeable”or if you’re“confused”．The system can help people recognize others’emotions．Picard says this means we could teach a machine to be as sensitive as a human．In fact，a machine can be even smarter than people since it can tell if a person is lying or just“performing”by analyzing one’s facial movements．
Jeffrey Cohn，a psychologist at the University of Pittsburgh，uses the Facial Action Coding System to recognize human emotions．The system sorts more than 40 action units(AUs)of the face to tell people’s real emotions．He studied a videotape of a criminal who said to be sad about the murder of several family members and tried to pin the blame on someone else．But Cohn saw no real sadness in the woman’s face.
Sadness is a group of AUs that is difficult to do at the same time．You have to pull down the woman’s of your lips while bringing your eyebrows together and raising them．What the woman did was raise her cheeks to make a lip cud(撇嘴)。Her brows stayed smooth．
64．The best title of this passage is“ ________ ”．
A．The emotion on your face                    B．Look at your face
C．Your face tells a story                          D．Telling a lie
65．The missing sentence“This means，even though your mouth lice，your face doesn’t，and the machine will know it all. ”should be put at the end of ___________．
A．Paragraph 2   B．Paragraph 3      C．Paragraph 4     D．Paragraph 5
66．How many facial emotion analyses are mentioned in this passage?
A．Four．               B．Three．              C．Two．         D．One
67．The underlined word“it”refers to________．
A．MIT                                 B．the video camera
C．one’s face emotion            D．the real—time analysis

 
E
Research on the human brain has been attracting more and more scientists in recent years, just like the booming hi-tech industry. One of the latest research topics is how to change the human brain or combine the computer and the human brain, i.e. to transplant a chip into a human brain. This idea may make everyone’s dream come true. If we compare a human brain to a hard disc（硬盤）, what the scientists are doing is to enlarge the capacity of the hard disc. For the time being, there are some difficulties in such transplant experiments, but scientists never give up.
Experiments have started on animals. In 1996, a transplant experiment performed at the Defense and Military Physiology Research Institute in the U.S. turned a bear into a dolphin.
The dolphin was named Ted, and the bear was named Tallin. Using the most advanced technology available, deep and detailed images were made of the memory area in Ted’s brain containing information about swimming by the scientists. They obtained a series of useful information, the signals transferred by the nervous system. Such information was saved into a button-sized chip, which was then transplanted into the action memory area in Tallin’s brain. The information saved on the chip was released by means of electric power.
Recently, another comprehensive memory transplant was performed at the Motor Nerve Research Institute of the University of California. The comprehensive memory transplanted in the experiment included actions, moods, logic, words, images, etc. The experiment involved an entire transplant of the memory area. This was the largest such experiment done so far.
The transplant was performed making a transfer from a dog named “Genius” to a dog named “Idiot”. “Genius” could understand and follow up to 100 gestures and orders made by its master. It was a real genius in memorizing. “Idiot” was the younger brother of “Genius”. It had no contact with people at all since its birth. It became an animal with nothing in its brain, without any memory.
The operation was a complete success. When the two dogs woke up, “Idiot” had grasped all the abilities “Genius” possessed; it was good at memorizing and sensible. It could follow every gesture and any command given by its master. But “Genius” gave no response to its master, and in fact did not recognize him at all.
57. The purpose of the experiment is _____.
A. to combine the computer and the human brain    
B. to enlarge the capacity of human brain
C. to make some stupid dog turn clever          D. to make bear swim
58. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The scientists transferred a button-sized chip with useful information in Tallin’s brain.
B. The first comprehensive memory transplant was performed at the Motor Nerve Research University.
C. The second experiment wasn’t an entire transplant of the memory area.
D. The Idiot was an animal with memory before brain experiment
59. What does the underlined word “success” refer to?
A. The two dogs woke up.
B. They were both good at memorizing.
C. The Idiot grasped all the abilities of Genius.
D. The Genius grasped all the abilities of Idiot.
60. According to the text, we can infer _____.
A. a person can know more after the experiment
B. a bear can swim after being transferred a chip with related useful information
C. a dog can become clever after entire transplant of the memory area
D. it is really good for animals to have been involved in the transplant experiment

  Educating girls quite possibly produces a higher rate of return than any other investment(投
資)available in the developing world．Women’s education may be an unusual field for experts On economy(經(jīng)濟(jì))，but improving women’s contribution to development is actually as much all economic as a social business．And economics provides an explanation for why so many girls are
deprived of an education．
Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make all economic contribution to the family：girls grow up only to marry into somebody
else’s family and bear children．Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school．Ignoring women’s education is therefore in a bad circle．
An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices．She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, making sure that her daughters are given a fair chance．The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls，as well as of boys，will be educated and healthy．The bad circle is thus changed into a good
circle．
Educating women has great social benefits and great economic advantages as well．Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers．Wages rise by 10 to 20 per cent for each additional year of schooling．Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments，but they are just the beginning．Educating women also has a significant effect on health practices, including family planning．
63．The author argues that educating girls in developing countries is          ．
A．troublesome                  B．labor-saving          C．rewarding         D．expensive
64．The author believes that a bad circle can turn into a good circle when         ．
A. women care much more about education
B. girls can gain equal access to education
C. a family has fewer but healthier children
D. parents can afford their daughters' education
65．What does the underlined phrase“deprived of”mean in Paragraph One?
A．supplied with         B． included in               C．kept away from    D．devoted to
66．The passage mainly discusses          .
A. unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countries
B. the potential earning power of well-educated women
C. the major contributions of educated women to society
D. the economic and social benefits of educating women

E
The earth is getting warmer. The planet is suffering. But what can you do about it? Reduce the amount of waste you generate. Use cleaner energy sources and go greener today, starting with these steps:
1. Get a reusable water bottle
Americans buy about 25 billion single-serving plastic water bottles each year. That's an average of 83 bottles per person per year. Plastic bottles take plenty of resources to produce, including fuel for transportation and petroleum to make the plastic. Even recycling bottles uses energy.
2. Eat less meat
You don't need to become a vegetarian to help save the planet. Eating meat just one day less a week can reduce your negative impact on the environment. More water, energy and land are required to produce meat than to produce grain.
3. Switch to energy-efficient light bulbs
Most households use standard incandescent (白熾的) bulbs. But compact fluorescent (熒光的) light bulbs, or CFLs, use 66 percent less energy than standard bulbs, produce just as much light, last up to 10 times longer and don't need to be replaced as often. If every household in the United States replaced just one incandescent light bulb with a CFL bulb, it would equal removing one million cars from the road.
4. Buy organic and local food
Did you know that only 1 percent of pesticides (殺蟲劑) applied to crops reach the pests they target? The rest enter the environment. Organic food is grown without the use of pesticides. Organic farming can use 50 percent less energy than traditional farming methods. Buying local food saves on the fuel used to transport food grown elsewhere, thousands of miles across the country or around the world.
5. Recycle your electronics
Everyone knows the importance of recycling glass and plastic, but what about cell phones, computers, CDs and batteries? Electronics are responsible for about 40 percent of toxic (有毒的) heavy metals such as lead and mercury. Check with your city's recycling facilities to see if they take electronics.
72. The readers of this passage are called on to ______.
A. help reduce global warming               B. use water in a wise way               C. donate money for charity                      D. keep a balanced diet
73. What is an advantage of CFLs according to the passage?
A. They use more energy but produce more light.                                   B. They can last longer so don't need to be replaced often.                                        C. They cost less than standard incandescent bulbs.                                         D. They are as energy-efficient as incandescent bulbs.
74. Which of the following figures is correct according to the passage?
A. Every year an American buys 63 plastic water bottles on average.                   B. Eating meat one day less a week helps cut environment costs.                                   C. 99 of the pesticides used on crops is effective in practice.                                         D. Electronics account for half of poisonous heavy metals on the earth.
75. Which can be the best title for this passage?
A. Why is the earth getting warmer?           B. What can we do about pollution?              C. How can you lead a greener life?          D. Who is to blame for global warming?

第三部分：閱讀理解（共20小題，每題2分，滿分40分）
閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。
A
The luxury of eating an apple on Mars could cost as much as US $22,000. That's because it costs about US $120,000 to launch a kilogram of anything into deep space. So getting enough food into orbit is a big problem facing astronauts on a trip to Mars.
After NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) has no current plans to send astronauts to Mars, related research is being carried out—including the production of food. Astronauts on the international Space Station usually eat primarily freeze-dried food to which they add water. However, the weight of the packaging—almost as much as the food inside—costs a lot of money. The biggest problem of all is a psychological one.
Scientists believe that astronauts will suffer without the variety offered by fresh vegetables. The answer is to grow at least some of the food. On a short trip it is imagined that astronauts will eat vegetables such as lettuce, spinach and carrots grown in a refrigerator-sized unit known as a "salad machine". On longer journeys they will actually grow vegetables in greenhouses on Mars. Martian astronauts will eat a vegetarian diet since it will not be practical to raise animals. To make up for the lack of meat, recipes have been created to add as much variety to the diet as possible, using only a basic number of products. It uses heat and mechanical force to transform soybeans into meat and cheese substitutes（代替品）. The prized result of this research is a purely vegetable-based pizza with meat and cheese substitutes .
41. What is the best title for this story?
A. Space Food                                          B. Astronauts' Problem
C. The Packaging of Space Food          D. Mars Rover-Spirit
42. What is the main problem with the diet of astronauts on the international Space Station now?
A. The packaging is too expensive.
B. Only fresh vegetables are offered.
C. Too much water is needed for dried food.
D. There are not enough choices of food.
43. What is the "salad machine" in the spaceship for?
A. It stores vegetables.                 B. It grows vegetables.
C. It cooks green salad.                D. It mixes green salad.
44. From the passage we know that the diet plan for Martian astronauts is short of     .
A. Vegetables.               B. A special kind of Pizza.            C. Meat.         D. Soybeans

第二部分：語言知識(shí)及運(yùn)用（滿分25分）
第一節(jié)完形填空(共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分)
Trees are useful to man in three very important ways. They provide him with wood and other   __21__ ; they give him shade; they help to prevent drought(干旱)and  __22__.
Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.
Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire, but,__23__its trees, its soil became hard and poor. When the empire fell to__24__,the home country found itself faced by floods and starvation.
Even where a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for__25__to persuade the villager to see this. The villager wants wood to cook his food with ; and he can earn money by making charcoal or selling wood to the townsman. He is usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after new trees. So, unless the government has a good system of control, or can__26__the people, the forests will slowly disappear.
This does not only mean that the villagers’ sons and grandsons have__27__trees. The results are even more serious; for where there are trees, their roots break the soil up—allowing the rain to sink in—and also bind(結(jié)合)the soil, thus preventing its__28__washed away easily, but where there are no trees ,the rain falls on hard ground and carrying__29__with it the rich top soil, in which crops__30__so well. With all the topsoil gone, nothing remains but worthless desert.
21．A. uses                  B. products                   C. production                D. result
22．A. floods           B. soil                         C. air                           D .sunlight
23．A. with                 B. by                           C. on                           D. without
24．A. break        B. unite                        C. bits                          D. pieces
25．A. it                  B. them                        C. he                            D. they
26．A. ask                   B. educate                    C. want                        D. remove
27．A. a few            B. fewer                       C. a little                      D. little
28．A. been             B. being                       C. is                             D. was
29．A. away            B. off                           C. with                         D. by
30．A. come            B. grow                        C. get                           D. Turn