Twenty years ago,kids in school had never heard of the Internet.  Now, 1      1      you can't find a
single person in your school who hasn't at least heard of it.  In fact,many of us use it on a      2      basis
and even have access to it from our homes! The "net" in "intemet" should     3     network. A network is
two or more computers connected together so that information can.be shared,or sent from tree computer
to another.  The Intemet is a vast    4      for all types of infor- mation. You may enjoy using it to do
research for a school project,downloading your favorite songs or communicating with friends and family.
Information is accessed through web pages that companies,organizations and individuals create and post.
  It's kind of like a giant bulletin board that the whole world uses ! But since anyone can put anything on
the Internet,you also have to be careful and use your best     5     and a little common sense.
      Just because you read something on a piece of paper someone sticks on a bulletin board,it doesn't     6      it's good information,or even     7   . So you have to be sure that whoever posted the
information knows what they're talking about,    8    if you're doing research! But what if you're just
e-mailing people? You still have to be very careful. If you've never met the person that you're
communicating with online,you could be on dangerous ground ! You should never give out any     9 
   information to someone you don't know,not even your name! And just like you can't believe the
information on every website out there,you can't rely on what strangers you "meet" on the Intemet tell you
either. Just as you could     10     things about yourself to tell someone,someone else could do the same
to you!

                                                "Happiness Advantage" Effect
     In July 2010 Burt's Bees, a personal-care products company, was going through enormous
change as it began a global expansion into 19 new countries. In this kind of high-pressure situation,
many leaders bother their assistants with frequent meetings or flood their in-boxes with urgent
demands. In doing so, managers lift everyone's anxiety level, which activates the part of the brain
that processes threats and steals resources from the prefrontal cortex ( 大腦皮層), which is
responsible for effective problem solving.
     Burt's Bees's then-CEO, John Wolfgang, took a different approach. Each day, he'd send out an
e-mail praising a team member for work related to global marketing. He'd interrupt his own
presentations to remind his managers to talk with their teams about the company's values. He asked
me to further a three-hour session with employees on happiness in the course of the expansion effort.
As one member of the senior team told me a year later, Wolfgang's emphasis on developing positive
leadership kept his managers actively involved and loyal as they successfully transformed the
company into a global one.
     That outcome shouldn't surprise us. Research shows that when people work with a positive
mind-set (思維模式), performance on nearly every level-productivity, creativity, involvement-
improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most
people believe that success comes before happiness. "Once I get a promotion, I'll be happy," they
think. Or, "Once I hit my sales target, I'll feel great. "But because success is a moving target-as
soon as you hit your target, you raise it again-the happiness that results from success does not last
long.
     In fact, it works the other way around: People who have a positive mind-set perform better in
the face of challenge. I call this the " happiness advantage"-every business outcome shows
improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this effect in my role as a researcher and
lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between employee happiness and success. And I'm not
alone: In an analysis of 225 academic studies, researchers found strong evidence of cause-and-effect
relationship between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes.
     Another common misunderstanding is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of
the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But one's general
sense of well-being is surprisingly unstable. The habits you form, the way you interact with
colleagues, how you think about stress-all these can be managed to increase your happiness and
your chances of success.

     Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you're doing your
holiday shopping online, make sure you're holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation (感覺)
of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise
decisions-those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.
     Psychologists have known that one person's perception (感知) of another's "warmth" is a powerful
determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either "warm" or "cold" is a primary consideration,
even trumping evidence that a "cold" person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early
childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies' conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped
by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in
1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth "mother" rather than one made of wire, even
when the wire "mother" carried a food bottle. Harlow's work and later studies have led psychologists to
stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults
with normal social skills.
     Feelings of "warmth" and "coldness" in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide
study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as "warm" or "cold" is common to many cultures,
and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.
     To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment
which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study's hypotheses (假
設(shè)), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out
a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the
personality of "Person A" based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink
regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink. "We are grounded in our physical
experiences even when we think abstractly," says Bargh.

1. According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by _____.

A. the visitors to his office
B. the psychology lessons he has
C. his physical feeling of coldness
D. the things he has bought online

2. The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that _____.

A. adults should develop social skills
B. babies need warm physical contact
C. caregivers should be healthy adults
D. monkeys have social relationships

3. In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to _____.

A. evaluate someone’s personality
B. write down their hypotheses
C. fill out a personal information form
D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

4. We can infer from the passage that _____.

A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences
B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide
C. physical temperature affects how we see others
D. capable persons are often cold to others

5.What would be the best title for the passage?

A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships.
B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation.
C. Developing Better Drinking Habits.
D. Physical Sensations and Emotions.

       Unlike modern animal scientists, dinosam scientists cannot sit on a hillside and use telescopes to
watch dinosaurs in order to know how they lived and whether they were good parents Instead, they
have to search hard for information from dinosaurs’fossils（恐龍化石）because dinosaurs died out
millions of years ago.
       It’s very difficult for the scientists to reach an agreement because different results can be got from
the same fossils, Many fossils of the same kind of dinosaurs have been dug out from one place. They
might have formed when an entire group of dinosaurs got stuct（陷入）all st once. Or they might have
been the result of dinosaurs getting stuck one after another over a course of a few centuries. Thys we
can say that dinosaurs might have in the first case lived in big groups and in the second lived alone.
      Though there are two different results, dinosaur scientists now generally agree that at least some kinds
of dinosaurs lived in big groups. “That’s pretty much settled at this point.” Says Paul Sereno, A kind of
dinosaurs called Sauropods left behind tracks in the western United States that appear to run north and
south,suggesting that they even moved long distances together.
      As to whether dinosaurs cared for their young, dinosaur scientists have turned to the closest living
relativers of dinosaurs―birds and crocodiles―for possible models. Birds give a lot of care to their young,
while crocoeiles just help their young to the water, The discovered fossils of dinosaurs sitting on their gees
and staying with their  young  suggest the parents were taking care of their babies, but we still cannot say
that all dinosaurs did the same.
       There is still a long way to go before the above questions could be answered. Dinosaur scientists will
have to find more proof to reach an agreement.

1. Dinosaur scientists can get information directly by _____.

A. studying dinosaur fossils
B. examining modern animals
C. watching dinosaurs
D. using teleeopes

2. What is pretty much settled according to Paul Sereno?

A. Half of the dinosaurs lived alone.
B. Most dinosaurs moved long distances.
C. Many dinosaurs settled in the north.
D. Some dinosaurs lived in big groups.

3. Dinosaur scientists can probably know whether dinosaurs were good parents by _____.

A. watching many kinds of animals
B.  studying dinosaurs’living relatives
C. following the tracks left behind
D. working on dug-out dinosaur eggs

4.Which of the following is true according to the paragraph?

A. Birds hardly ay attention to their young.
B. Baby crocodiles can look after themselves well.
C. Some dinosaurs took care of their young.
D. Birds and crocodiles take good care of their young.

     Most people, when they travel to space, would like to stay in orbit for a few days of more. And this
stands to reason, if you're paying $20,000 for your trip to orbit! Strain order for tourism to reach its full
potential there's going to be a need for orbital accommodation---or space hotels. What would a space hotel
actually be like to visit? Hotels in orbit will offer the services you expect from a hotel------private rooms,
meals, bars. But they'll also offer two unique experiences: impressive views----of Earth and space---and
the endless entertainment of living in zero gravity---including sports and other activities that make use of
this.
     The hotels themselves will vary greatly----from being quite simple in the early days to huge luxury
structure at a later date. It's actually surprising that as later as 1997, very few designs for space hotels
were published. This is mainly because those who might be expected to design them haven't expected launch
costs to come down far enough to make them possible.
     Lots of people who've been to space have described vividly what it's like to live in zero gravity. There are
obviously all sort of possibilities for dancing, gymnastics, and zero-G sports. Luckily, you don't need to sleep
much living in zero gravity, so you'll have plenty of time for relaxing by hanging out in a bar with a window
looking down at the turning Earth below.
     Of course all good things have come to an end. Unfortunately, And so after a few days you'll find yourself
heading back enough you'll be much more expert at exercising in zero gravity than you were when you arrived.
You'll be thinking how soon you can save up enough to get back up again---or maybe you should change jobs
to get to work in an orbiting hotel.

1. When traveling in space, most people would like to stay in orbit for a few days because _______.

A. It is expensive to travel in space
B. they would find the possible life in other star systems
C. they could enjoy the luxury of space hotels
D. they want to realize the full potential of tourism

2. Which of the following is a unique experience that space hotels will offer?

A. The gravitational pull
B. The special views.
C. The relaxation in a bar.
D. The space walk.

3. Which of the following is not discussed in the passage?

A. When was the space traveling made possible?
B. What are the unique experiences that space hotels will offer?
C. Why were there not many published designs for space hotels?
D. How can the travelers enjoy themselves in space hotels?

4. This passage is mainly about ________.

A. traveling in space
B. the ways of living in space hotels
C. zero gravity and space hotels
D. the description of space hotel

       Now I'd like to talk to you about your final exam. The exam will be held next Thursday, the last day of
the exam week. Remember to bring two or three pens in case you run out of ink. And unlike the midterm
exam, this test will not include multiple-choice questions; it will consist (由…組成) entirely of essays (文章).
You'll have to answer three of the five essay questions. The exam will be comprehensive (理解性的), which
means you'll be responsible (負責) for all of the subject matters we covered in class this term. I would suggest
you review your midterm exam as well as textbooks and your class notes. The research project will count as
20 percent and the midterm exam 30 percent. I'll be in my office almost all day next Tuesday. If you run into
any problems, please drop in. Gook luck to you and I'll see you on Tuesday.

1. When will the final exam take place?

A. On a Tuesday
B. On a Wednesday
C. On a Thursday
D. On a Friday

2. What will be included in the exam?

A. There will be only multiple-choice questions.
B. The exam will contain both multiple-choice and essay questions.
C. The exam will have an oral and written section.
D. There will be only essay questions.

3. The underlined phrase run into probably means _____.

A. go into
B. meet somebody unexpectedly
C. come across
D. come up against something with force

4. When was this talk most likely given?

A. During the first week of class
B. During midterm week
C. On the last day of class
D. On the last day of exam week

     Laptop computers are popular all over the world. People use them on trains and airplanes, in airports and
hotels. These laptops connect people to their workplace. In the United States today, laptops also connect
students to their classrooms.
     Westlake College in Virginia will start a laptop computer program that allows students to do schoolwork
anywhere they want. Within five years, each of the 1500 students at the college will receive a laptop. The
laptops are part of a ＄10 million computer program at Westlake, a 110-year-old college. The students with
laptops will also have access to the Internet. In addition, they will be able to use e-mail to "speak" with their
teachers, their classmates, and their families. However, the most important part of the laptop program is that
students will be able to use computers without going to computer labs. They can work with it at home, in a
fast-food restaurant or under the trees-anywhere at all!
     Because of the many changes in computer technology, laptop use in higher education, such as colleges
and universities, is workable. As laptops become more powerful, they become more similar to desktop
computers. In addition, the portable computers can connect students to not only the Internet, but also libraries
and other resources. State higher-education officials are studying? how laptops can help students. State
officials are also testing laptop programs at other universities, too.
     At Westlake College, more than 60 percent of the staff use computers. The laptops will allow all teachers
to use computers in their lessons. As one Westlake teacher said, "Here we are in the middle of Virginia and
we're giving students a window on the world.They can see everything and do everything."

1. The main purpose of the laptop program is to give each student a laptop to _____.

A. use for their schoolwork
B. access the Internet
C. work at home
D. connect them to libraries

2. Which of the following is true about Westlake College?

A. All teachers use computers.
B. 1500 students have laptops.
C. It is an old college in America.
D. Students there can do everything.

3. A window on the world in the last paragraph means that students can _____.

A. attend lectures on information technology
B. get information from around the world
C. travel around the world
D. have free laptops

4. What can we infer from the passage?

A. The program is successful.
B. The program is not workable.
C. The program is too expensive.
D. We don't know the result yet.

     Medical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to
put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the body-and the body from them-until they
can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引發(fā)) this release, including
changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risks-burns, for example.
Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harmless trigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR, 近紅外線) on the drug in the capsule.
     The idea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn't new. Researchers around the globe have
developed polymers (聚合物) and other materials that begin to break down when they
absorb either ultraviolet (UV, 紫外線) or visible light. But tissues also readily absorb UV and
visible light, which means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin, where the light can
reach the capsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchers have tried to use it as a
trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorb NIR well and go through chemical changes.
     That changed last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the University of California, San
Diego, reported that she and her colleagues had designed a polymer that breaks down when it
absorbs NIR light. Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing group called
o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groups fall off the polymer, leading to its
breakdown. But ONB is only a so-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when it
separates from the polymer.
     So Almutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material for capsules that's even better.This
one consists of a long chain of compounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol contains
reactive(易反應的) components that make it highly unstable in its polymeric form, a feature Almutairi
and her colleagues use to their advantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactive
component with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcs absorb NIR light, the reactive
groups are exposed and break the long polymer into two short chains. Shining additional light continues
this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in the capsule. What's more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10
times better at absorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.

1. According to the passage, which of the following could be the best trigger?

A. Temperature change.  
B. NIR light.  
C. Acidity change.      
D. UV light.

2. Why is ONB unsatisfactory?

A. It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.
B. It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.
C. It has not come onto the market up till now.
D. It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.

3. Which word can be used to complete the following process of changes?

A. protected    
B. formed    
C. exposed    
D. combined