After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on education, with girls as well as boys      to go to school．

A．to be encouraged          B．encouraging      C．encouraged      D．be encouraged

–Is it the      bad smell that is difficult?

-Of course．

A．how getting rid of                            B．got rid of

C．to get rid of                          D．being got rid of

Shown together with those products__________, some advanced ones made abroad included, which greatly appealed to the visitors coming from all the corners of the world．

A．models of the new generation of airliners there were

B．there were models of the new generation of airliners

C．were models of the new generation of airliners

D．were there models of the new generation of airliners

A. accompanied     B. trend        C. resist      D. murder     E. incredible

F. severe           G. involving    H. tolerant     I. roughly     J. particular

Drunken driving——sometimes called America’s socially accepted form of  1_——has become a national infectious disease．Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an 2   number of 250,000over the past decade．

A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0．10 blood alcohol content or      3 three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours．Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American strong man image and judges were not4  in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially 5young children, that public opinion is no longer so 6   of it．

Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, altering a7  in the 1960s to reduce it to 18．After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21．

Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless8   by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to9   strong pressure to drink．

Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and, in many areas already, to a marked decrease in fatalities（死亡事故）．Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks．

Some personal characteristics play an important role in the development of one’s intelligence．But people fail to realize the importance of training these factors in young people．

The so-called “non-intelligence factors” include one’s feelings, will, motivation, interests and habits．After a 30-year follow up study of 8,000 males, American psychologists1  that the main cause of disparities in intelligence is not intelligence2   , but non-intelligence factors including the desire to learn, will power and self-confidence．

3   people all know that one should have definite objectives, a strong will and good learning habits, quite a number of teachers and parents don’t pay much attention to 4   these factors．

Some parents are greatly worried when their children fail to do well in their studies．They blame either genetic factors, malnutrition（營養(yǎng)不良）or laziness, but they never take 5    consideration these non-intelligence factors．At the same time, some teachers don’t inquire into these, as reasons6  students do poorly．They simply give them more courses and exercises, or7        criticize or laugh at them．After all, these students lose self-confidence．Some of them just feel defeated and8  themselves up as hopeless．Others may go astray（墮落）because they are sick of learning．An investigation of more than 1,000 middle school students in Shanghai showed that 46．5 percent of them were9   of learning, because of examinations, 36．4 percent lacked persistence, initiative and consciousness and 10．3 percent were sick of learning．

It is clear that the lack of cultivation of non-intelligence factors has been a main 10  to intelligence development in teenagers．It even causes an imbalance between physiological and 　11   development among a few students．

If we don’t start now to12  the cultivation of non-intelligence factors, it will not only affect the development of the intelligence of teenagers, but also affect the quality of a whole generation．Some experts have put forward13   about how to cultivate students’ non-intelligence factors．

First, parents and teachers should14   understand teenage psychology．On this basis, they can help them to pursue the objectives of learning，15   their interests and toughening their willpower．

1．A．came out               B．found out            C．made out             D．worked out

2．A．in itself                 B．by itself               C．itself                   D．on its own

3．A．Though                 B．Nevertheless        C．However             D．Moreover

4．A．believing               B．studying              C．cultivating           D．developing

5．A．for                       B．in                        C．into                     D．over

6．A．why                     B．that                     C．when                 D．how

7．A．ever                      B．even                    C．still                     D．more

8．A．put                       B．get                      C．handle                 D．give

9．A．a(chǎn)fraid                    B．a(chǎn)head                  C．a(chǎn)ware                 D．a(chǎn)shamed

10．A．difficulty             B．question              C．threat                  D．obstacle

11．A．intelligent             B．characteristic      C．psychological       D．physical

12．A．practice               B．thrust                  C．strengthen           D．urge

13．A．projects               B．warnings             C．suggestions         D．decision

14．A．fully                    B．greatly                C．very                    D．highly

15．A．insuring               B．going                  C．encouraging        D．exciting

Taiwan will finalize a plan by the end of June to open up the island to tourists from mainland China, though no date has been fixed for formal implementation（執(zhí)行）, an official at the Mainland Affairs Council（MAC） said on Monday．

The official said the reports in the local press on Monday that the MAC has decided to postpone its plan to announce the implementation of the new plan on July 1 were inaccurate．

The official said cooperation between different organizations was still underway．The United Daily news quoted the director of the Mac’s legal affairs department, Liu Thehsun, as saying the plan to open up to mainland tourists would not be implemented as scheduled due to a lack of cross-strait communication．

Although relevant authorities, including the Bureau of Immigration and the Tourism Bureau, have complete reports on how to deal with visitors from mainland China, the decision has been taken not to press, ahead with announcement of the plan’s implementation on the first of July, Liu was quoted as saying．

The report also said that while no restrictions would be imposed on the mainland visitors in terms of age or residence in China, the visitors would need to hold a steady job or have more than 50,000RMB（about 6,000, U．S．dollars）in bank savings before they would be eligible（有資格的）to visit Taiwan．

In addition, Taiwan bound mainland tourists would have to come as part of a tour group and would be allowed to stay a maximum of 10 days each time．

The number of mainland tourists allowed to enter the island would also initially be limited to 1,000 people a day．

Although most people from Taiwan are free to travel to China, only a small number of mainland Chinese have been able to visit the island due to restrictions imposed by both sides of the Taiwan Strait after the end of a civil war in 1949．

1．At the moment, according to the passage,      ．

       A．no mainland Chinese can visit Taiwan now

       B．a(chǎn)ny mainland Chinese can visit Taiwan now

       C．many mainland Chinese have ever visited Taiwan since 1949

       D．a(chǎn) few mainland Chinese have ever visited Taiwan since 1949

2．When Taiwan opens up the island to tourists from mainland China,_______.

       A．there will be no restrictions to mainland visitors

       B．mainland visitors who want to travel in Taiwan must have at least ￥50,000 in the bank savings account

       C．there will be no age restrictions to the mainland visitors

       D．mainland visitors will be free to travel to Taiwan

3．We can infer from the passage that get（s）_______involved in the implementation of the plan．

       A．MAC                                                  B．United Daily

       C．several organizations                            D．Bureau of Immigration

4．Which of the following statement is TRUE?

       A．The implementation of the plan has not been fixed．

       B．It was originally fixed on July 1 to announce the plan’s implementation．

       C．For lack of cross-strait communication, the plan will not be officially completed until July．

       D．When the plan is finalized, it will be announced immediately．

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed．It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive．

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions．They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors．There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed．As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory．The controversy is often referred to as “nature/nurture”．

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors．That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory．Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts．

Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act．A behaviorist, B．F．Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings．The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans’ respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior．

Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior．In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes．That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain．

1．Which of the following statements would the supporters of the “nature” theory agree with?

       A．A person’s instincts have little effect on his actions．

       B．Environment is important in determining a person’s behavior and personality．

       C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act．

       D．The behaviorists’ view correctly explains how we act．

2．Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article      ．

       A．supports the nature theory

       B．supports the nurture theory

       C．believes both are completely wrong

       D．thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories．

3．In the United States, Black people often score below White people on intelligence tests．With this in mind, which of the following statements is NOT true?

       A．Nature proponents would say that Whites are genetically superior to Blacks．

       B．Supporters of the nature theory would say that Whites score well because they have a superior environment．

       C．Behaviorists would say that Blacks often lack the educational and environmental advantages that Whites enjoy．

       D．Nurture proponents would disagree that Blacks are biologically inferior to Whites．

Texas——US President George W．Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin failed to bridge their differences over a key arms control treaty last week, but that didn’t stop them from backslapping（喧鬧的狂歡） as they ended a summit．

The two leaders also offered differing interpretations of the fate of nuclear warheads to be removed from missiles under arms reductions they each announced last week．Bush said he intended to destroy the warheads, but Putin said their fate should be negotiated．

The two men untied on the need for Northern Alliance forces——to allow for a broad based government that respects all parties there．

Bush and Putin had spent the night at Bush’s ranch．Despite the rain, the rural environment and friendly company appeared to have worked its magic．They slapped on the back and joked, at one point teasing each other about whether it is better to visit Texas in the heat of August or Siberia in winter．

Analysts say the dramatic warming in US-Russian relation could herald（預示） an era of pragmatism（務(wù)實的想法或做法） in global affairs as the two old rivals finally end decades of hostility and become friends．

“Washington and Moscow are no longer playing the ‘big game’ against each other, but with each other,” said Karl Heinz Kamp, an analyst at the Konrad Adenanaer Foundation，a German think tank．

1．It can be concluded that President Bush and President Putin      ．

       A．didn’t agree on key arms control treaty

       B．offered different explanations of the future of nuclear warheads under arms reductions

       C．neither A or B

       D．both A and B

2．The reason why the two men joined together is that．

       A．they were needed by the Northern Alliance forces

       B．they had taken the advice given by Karl Heinz Kamp, an analyst of German think tank．

       C．they had already been partners

       D．they had no different opinions on everything

3．The warming of US-Russian relations indicates that      ．

       A．the two persons end hostility and become friends

       B．US can benefit a lot from global affairs

       C．there will be an end to all the armies of the world

       D．it is a turning point to words being practical in global affairs

4．What the two men teased about shows that      ．

       A．they appeared friendly but in fact they didn’t

       B．they just made fun of each other

       C．they are friendly and humorous

       D．they invited each other to their countries in the bad weather

Between ten and midnight the United States is politically leaderless——there is no center of information anywhere in the nation except in the New York headquarters of the great broadcasting companies and the two great wire services．No candidate and no party can afford the investment on election night to match the news-gathering resources of the mass media; and so, as every citizen sits in his home watching his TV set or listening to his radio, he is the equal of any other in knowledge．There is nothing that can be done in these hours, for on one can any longer direct the great strike for America’s power; the polls have closed．Good or bad, whatever the decision．America will accept the decision——and cut down any man who goes against it, even though for millions the decision runs contrary to their own votes．The general vote is an expression of national will, the only substitute for violence and blood．Its decision is to be defended as one defends civilization itself．

There is nothing like this American expression of will in England or France, India or Russia or China．Only one other major nation in modern history has ever tried to elect its leader directly by mass, free, popular vote．This was the Weimar Republic of Germany, which modeled its unitary vote for national leaders on the American practice．Out of its experiment with the system it got Hitler．Americans have had Lincoln, Wilson and two Roosevelts．Nothing can be done when the voting returns are flooding in; the White House and its power will move to one or another of the two candidates, and all will know about it in the morning．But for these hours history stops．

1．Between ten p．m．a(chǎn)nd midnight, the United States has no leader because      ．

       A．the President has resigned

       B．the strike for power has ended

       C．the polls have closed and the results are not in

       D．there has been a revolution

2．“The great strike for America’s power” in paragraph 1 refers to      ．

       A．the strike of the mass media                  B．the great coal strike

       C．striking while the iron is hot                  D．the election campaign

3．According to the author only one other major modern nation ever tried to elect its leader by mass, free, popular vote．That nation was      ．

       A．India                   B．Germany             C．Russia                 D．England

4．The author believes the decision at the polls will      ．

       A．lead to anarchy                                    B．result in men being cut down

       C．cause violence and blood                      D．be defended by all Americans

A．Importance of Transport in Trade

B．Birth of Transport-related Industries and Trade

C．Role of Transport in Trade Development

D．Another Means to Develop Trade

E．Higher Living Standard

F．Modern Life Needs Modern Traffics

1．

Transport is one of the aids to trade．By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value．The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade．When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale．

2．

The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade．Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance．Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe．Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes．Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes．Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance．

3．

Transport also prevents waste．Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns．Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally．Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year．Transport has raised the standard of living．

4．

By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before．Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another．The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried．Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living．

5．

Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information．Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world．In this way, advanced communication system also help to develop trade．