“Poor but honest.” “The deserving(值得幫助的)poor.”There words always come to my mind when I think of “the poor.”But I also think of people who.perhaps through alcohol(酒) or drugs.have ruined not only their own lives but also the lives of others in order to give way to their own pleasure.Perhaps alcoholism and drug addiction(上上)really are “diseases.”as many people say.but my own feeling-based,of course,not on any serious study-is that most alcoholics and drug addicts belong to the “undeserving poor.”And that is largely why I don’t give spare change to beggars.

But surely among the street people there are also some who can rightly be called “deserving.”Deserving what?My spare change ?Or simple the govement’s assistance?It happens that  I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity(慈善機(jī)構(gòu)).but if I give some change to a beggar .am I making a contribution to charity and thereby helping someone .or .am I perhaps simply encouraging someone not to get help ?Or ,maybe even worse .am I supprting a cheat?

If one believes in the value of private charity. One can either give to needy people or to

charitable organizations.In giving to a beggar one may inded be helping a person who baly needs help.but one cannot be certain that one is giving to a needy person.In giving to an organization, on the other hand,one can feel that one’s money is likely to be used wisely.True,facing a beggar one may feel that this particular unfortunate person needs help at this moment-a cup of coffee or a sandwich-and the need will not be met unless I put my pocket right now.But I have come to think that the beggars whom I meet can get along without my spare change,and indeed perhaps they are actually better off for not having money to buy alcohol or drugs.

I know nothing about these beggars, but it’s my impression that they simply prefer

begging to working. I am not generalizing about street people. I am talking about the people whom I actually meet. That’s why I do not give “spare change, “and I don’ think I will in the future.

1.What does the author think of beggars who take drugs?

A.They should be given a cheek-up.

B.They really need money to live.

C.They have no pleasure in life.

D.They are not worth helping.

2.Why doesn’t the author give money to street people?

A.He doesn’t think they need help.

B.He doesn’t have enough money to give.

C.He is not convinced they will use it rightly.

D.He believes they can get help from the government.

3.In the second paragraph, the author presents his idea by    .

A.asking questions for people to think about

B.giving examples to support his argument

C.raising questions and answering them

D.expressing his opinions directly

4.Which of the following opinions does the author accept?

A.Drug addiction is a disease.

B.Some street people are poor and needy.

C.Most beggars have received enough help.

D.Charitable organizations handle money properly.

While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (嬰兒)， societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodem times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal pruetices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.

One of these premodem  attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged  maternat(母親的)attachment was tightly wrapping(包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (撫摸)and kissing that are so much a part of modem mothers’ and fathers’ affection for their infants.

A third practice which had the same distancing offcet  was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育)was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places. such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little milk for the city infunt-who. in many cases, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent.

1.Babies were unnamed until they were two so that        .

A. an old social custom could be kept up

B. maternal attachment could be maintained

C. their parents would not be too sad if they died

D. their parents would not be too sad if they died

2. Why were babies wrapped?

A. To protect them from the cold.

B. To distance their mothers from them.

C. To make them feet more comfortable.

D. To make it easy for their mothers to hold them.

3. Wet nurses were women who           .

A. bubysat city infants

B. fed babies of other families

C. sent their babies to the country

D. failed to look after their babies

4. Which is the best title  for the passage?

A. Societal Conditions in Premodem Times

B. Praetices  of  Reducing Matemal Attachment

C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate

D. Differences between Modem and Premodern Parents

In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help       there is human suffering.

A. whoever       B. however         C. whatever         D. wherever

It is said that dogs will keep you       　for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.

A. safety         B. company         C. house           D. friend

After be become conscious, he remember       and       on the hand with a rod.

A.   to attack; hit                B. to be attacked; to be hit

C. attacking; be hit              D. having been attacked; hit

Attention, coffee forint. We have for you, the beat coffee mother      invented.

A. ever             B. already           C. even           D. now

――I reminded you not to forget the appointment.

――       .

A. So you did        B. So I do not        C. So did you        D. So do I

It took a long time for the connection between body temperture and illness     .

A. to make     B. to be made       C.making        D.being made

-Do you have anything to say for yourselvers?

-Yes, there’s one point    we must insist on.

A.why        B.where             C.how          D./

For all these years I have been working for others. I’m hoping I’ll    my own business somebody.

A. turn up         B. fix up           C. set up         D. make up