短暫性動詞用法全解

一、短暫性動詞與 until 狀語(從句)連用

  My father worked at this factory until 1990.

  我父親在這家工廠一直工作到 1990 年。(含義:到了 1990 年他就不在這家工廠工作了)

  持續(xù)性動詞的否定式與 until 時間狀語連用時,表示該動詞動作在 until 表示的時間之后發(fā)生,而在此時間之前未發(fā)生。如:

試題詳情

  My father didn't work at this factory until 1990.

  到 1990 年我父親才在這家工廠工作。(含義:在 1990 年之前他沒有在這家工廠工作)

  短暫性動詞只能用否定式與 until 狀語連用,表示直到 until 表示的時間時,該動作才發(fā)生,發(fā)生后就停止了,即不再持續(xù)下去。如:

  He didn't appear until the meeting began. 直到會議開始時他才出現(xiàn)。( appear 為短暫性動詞)

  考例:

  I didn't really work here; I _________ until the new secretary arrives. (NMET 1994)

  A. just help out B. have just helped out

  C. am just helping out D. will just help out

  分析: help out 意思是“幫助完成工作”,具有短暫性動詞特性,與 until 狀語連用時應(yīng)用否定形式。但此試題沒有設(shè)計(jì)否定項(xiàng),因此很容易誤選 B ,以為有 just (剛才)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。值得注意的是,有時可通過某些語法形式改變動詞的性質(zhì):即是動作還狀態(tài),是持續(xù)性還是短暫性。此題中 help out 通過用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,表示現(xiàn)階段持續(xù)性的動作,因而就可以用肯定式與 until 狀語連用了。此題意思為:我的確不在這兒工作了,但新秘書來之前,我仍然在這兒幫助完成工作。故答案為 C .又如:

  He is writing a letter. (用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示動詞 write 的持續(xù)性)

  He didn't write any letter. (用否定式表示動詞 write 的短暫性)

 。 1 )短暫性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定式不能和“ for + 一段時間”或“ since + 起點(diǎn)時間”狀語連用,但短暫性動詞完成時的否定式形式可以和這樣的狀語連用,這是因?yàn)槎虝盒詣釉~的現(xiàn)在完成時的否定形式可表示一個否定的狀態(tài),這個狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。如:不能說: We have received his letter for two weeks. 我們收到他的信有兩周了。但可以說: We haven't received his letter for two weeks. 我們有兩周沒有收到他的信了。

  有時可見這樣的句子: He has come here for two days. 但這并不表示 come 的動作從過去到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)持續(xù)了兩天。此句的確切意思是:他來這兒要呆兩天。

  考例:

  ― How are you today?

  ― Oh, I _________ as ill as I do now for a very long time. (NMET2000)

  A. didn't feel B. wasn't feeling

  C. don't feel D. haven't felt

  分析: fall ill 表示“生病”,是一個短暫的變化過程,可以用現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式表狀態(tài),和“ for a very long time ” 這樣的狀語連用。故答案為 D .

 。 2 )短暫性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定式不能和“ for + 一段時間”狀語連用,也不能能用于 how long 開頭的問句中,如:不能說: Tom has married for ten years. (Tom 結(jié)婚十年了。 ) 但可以說: Tom has been married for ten years. 這是因?yàn)榭蓪⑵淅斫鉃槭窍当斫Y(jié)構(gòu), have been 是系動詞 be 的完成式, married 是過去分詞,做表語,表示狀態(tài),狀態(tài)可以持續(xù),可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。

  考例:

  ― How long _________ at this job?

試題詳情

  二、短暫性動詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時

  ― Since 1990. (北京 2003 春招)

  A. were you employed

  B. have you been employed

C. had you been employed

  D. will you be employed

  分析:此題是以“ how long ”開頭的問句,要用現(xiàn)在完成時,故答案為 B . have been employed 可理解為是系表結(jié)構(gòu), have been 是系動詞 be 的完成式, employed 為短暫性動詞,為過去分詞形式作表語,表示狀態(tài)。

  ( 3 )短暫性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成式可以表示動作在過去發(fā)生,但對現(xiàn)在有影響。如:

  Have you seen my glasses? 你看見過我的眼鏡嗎?( see 動作在說話前發(fā)生,強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響是:你是否還記得眼鏡所在的地方?)

  考例:

  The price ________, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (廣東 1999 )

  A. went down B. will go down

  C. has gone down D. was going down

  分析: go down 意為“(物價等)下跌”,做不及物動詞使用,其動作短暫。答案為 C .用現(xiàn)在完成時,強(qiáng)調(diào)價格在說話前已經(jīng)下跌,現(xiàn)在還沒有回升,所以就“懷疑今后是否仍會處于這種跌落態(tài)勢”。

  時間狀語從句由 when, while 和 as 引起,主語和從句中各有一個謂語動詞,處理這類試題有個規(guī)律可遵循:短暫性動詞用一般過去時,持續(xù)性動詞用過去進(jìn)行時?衫斫鉃椋撼掷m(xù)時間短的動詞動作發(fā)生在持續(xù)時間較長的動詞動作發(fā)生的過程中。如:

  When I was waiting for the train, I saw a stranger. 我在等火車時,看見了一個陌生人。 wait 是持續(xù)性動詞, see 是短暫性動詞。

  考例:

  Tom _________ into the house when no one _________. (MET 1992)

  A. slipped; was looking B. had slipped; looked

  C. slipped; had looked D. was slipped; looked

  分析:答案為 A . slip 為短暫性動詞, look 為持續(xù)性動詞,可理解為:短暫性動詞 slip 的動作發(fā)生在持續(xù)性動詞 look 動作發(fā)生的過程中。

  類似上面的情形,當(dāng) when 作并列連詞時,所引起的并列分句的謂語動詞總是短暫性的,用一般過去時;而前面分句的謂語動詞如果是持續(xù)性的,用過去進(jìn)行時?衫斫鉃椋涸诔掷m(xù)性動詞動作發(fā)生的過程中,突然發(fā)生了短暫性動詞的動作。

  考例:

  The students ____________ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ________ in the office. (MET 1991)

  A. had written; left B. were writing; has left

  C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left

  分析:答案為 D . write 為持續(xù)性動詞,在 write 動詞動作發(fā)生時,突然發(fā)生短暫性動詞 go 的動作。

  在使用“ It has been (is) + 一段時間 + since 從句”的句型時,要注意 since 從句中的謂語動詞是短暫性的還是持續(xù)性的。若是短暫性的,則表示“自從該短暫性動詞動作發(fā)生后有多長時間”;若是持續(xù)性的,則表示“自從該持續(xù)性動詞動作停止后有多長時間”。如:

  It's five years since I began to learn English. 我學(xué)英語已經(jīng)有五年了。

  It's five years since I lived here. 我有五年時間沒有住在這兒了。

  考例:

  ― What was the party like?

  ― Wonderful. It's years _______ I enjoyed myself so much. (MET 1993)

  A. after B. before C. when D. since

  分析:此題是“ It has been (is)+ 一段時間 + since 從句”的句型,故答案為 D .但要注意 enjoy 是持續(xù)性動詞,所以題意為:我已經(jīng)有好些年沒有玩得那樣開心了。

  五、部分短暫性動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可代替一般將來時

  這樣的動詞有: come, go, get, arrive, see, off, take off, return, start 等。例如:

  How are you getting to the airport? 你將怎樣去機(jī)場?

  Bob is going with me to the hospital. Bob 將和我一起去醫(yī)院。

考例:

  I've won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I ________ my mum. (NMET 2001)

  A. am taking B. have taken

  C. take D. will have taken

  分析:答案為 A .用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時代替一般將來時。

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