浙江省金麗衢十二校2009年高三聯考
理科綜合能力測試卷
本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）兩部分。滿分300分，考試時間150分鐘。
相對原子質量H：1 C1：2 O：16 S：32 Na：23 K：39 Fe：56 Cu：64
第I卷（選擇題 共126分）
邢臺市2009年高三年級模擬考試
英 語 試 題
注意事項：
1．本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ卷(非選擇題)兩部分，總分150分，考試時間120分鐘。
2．答卷前，考生務必將自己的姓名等信息按要求填在答題卡指定位置。
3．選擇題每小題選出答案后，涂在答題卡對應位置，答在試題卷上無效。
4．非選擇題用0.5毫米的黑色墨水簽字筆或黑色水鋼筆直接答在答題卡上每題對應的答題區(qū)域內，答在試題卷上無效�？荚嚱Y束后，只上交答題卡。
第Ⅰ卷(選擇題，共95分)
第一部分 英語知識運用(滿分50分)
第一節(jié) 語音知識(每小題1分，滿分5分)
從A、B、C、D四個選項中，找出其劃線部分與所給單詞的劃線部分讀音相同的選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
例：have A．gave B．save C．hat D．made(答案是C)
1．breathe A．wealth B．worthy C．through D．theme
2．village A．necklace B．bathe C．entrance D．operate
3．bank A．noodle B．dining C．blanket D．plain
4．heat A．creation B．mean C．measure D．break
5．shock A．pollution B．lose C．total D．possible
第二節(jié) 語法和詞匯知識(每小題1分，滿分15分)
從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
例：It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants．(答案是B)
A．however B．whatever C．whichever D．whenever
6．―Sorry to have kept you waiting for so long．
―Oh, ．
A．got if B．go ahead C．that's life D．don't say that
7．On May 12，2008，earthquake shook Wenchuan， city in Sichuan Province．
A．an；a B．the；the C．an；the D．／；the
8．―We to put off our school sports meet until next month．
―I that．
A．decided；didn't expect B．haven't decided；haven't expected
C．have decided；didn't expect D．decide；haven't expected
9．Don't worry，sir! All payments be made by the end d the month．
A．ought B．shall C．can D．must
10．I can't spare any ink for you，for，you see，I have myself．
A．nothing B．no one C．no D．none
11．The managers of the Human Resource Department find Tom for the job, skills and patience．
A．didn't fit；which calls for B．unfit；which calls for
C．unfit；who lack D．didn't fit；who lack
12． contributes to good health is a balanced diet and regular exercise．
A．As B．How C．What D．That
13．She became an actress in her teens but it was nearly 20 years she became famous．
A．after B．before C．when D．since
14．I'm trying to be the kind of teacher that the students will ．
A．look up to B．live up to C．watch out for D．put up with
15．I would have told you the news，but I too busy．
A．had been B．were C．have been D．was
16．The picture of my lovely son memories of my childhood．
A．called up B．turned up C．called on D．reminded
17． student you are，you can't work out the problem in such a short time．
A．Whatever clever B．However clever C．However clever a D．Whatever clever a
18． your composition carefully，some common mistakes can he avoided．
A．Having checked B．Check C．If you check D．Checking
19．―What do you think made John so unhappy all those days?
― the entrance examination．
A．Because he failed B．That he failed C．She failed D．Because of failing
20．The roles the women are in society are greater and greater．
A．taking B．working C．reaching D．playing
第三節(jié) 完形填空(每小題1.5分，滿分30分)
閱讀下面短文，從短文后所給各題的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
In 10th grade，the pressure to do well made me feel frightened．Everyone was 21 test scores and papers．I began to feel totally 22 about my ability．I felt like everyone was 23 than me，and if I didn't 24 better than okay，I'd never get into college．
Two weeks before the end of year，the finals schedule was 25 ．I fell into a kind of crazy mode(情緒)．I decided the 26 to success would be to stay up every night and 27 everything I hadn't learned during the term．
But I fell 28 instead．
I tried to study，but I was so seared of 29 and I drank many cups of coffee． When I went to school during the day I was too 30 of trying to remember algebraic formulas(代數公式)and important dates．
One morning，my friend Andrea 31 I was sleeping in class and told me I should 32 diet pills(減肥藥)to stay 33 ．She gave me some．
After a week，I became a complete mess． When the last exam was 34 ，I started walking home in a daze(恍惚)．When I finally got home，I 35 for 17 hours．
By some miracle(奇跡)， I 36 all my exams．I guess I paid more 37 in class than I'd thought．I wish I could say I studied really hard and got 38 scores after that，but I didn't．Although I 39 took pills again to study，learning to deal with 40 well is something I'm still working on today．
21．A．preparing B．comparing C．talking D．practicing
22．A．excited B．sorry C．nervous D．confident
23．A．faster B．harder C．stronger D．smarter
24．A．do B．feel C．work D．get
25．A．delayed B．delivered C．appeared D．posted
26．A．answer B．cause C．reason D．purpose
27．A．write B．memorize C．recite D．question
28．A．impatient B．ill C．relaxed D．asleep
29．A．studying B．learning C．failing D．trying
30．A．tired B．afraid C．proud D．busy
31．A．realized B．watched C．noticed D．learned
32．A．try B．eat C．buy D．use
33．A．calm B．awake C．healthy D．quiet
34．A．up B．over C．due D．on
35．A．played B．worked C．stayed D．slept
36．A．failed B．saved C．did D．passed
37．A．money B．time C．attention D．energy
38．A．first B．many C．high D．low
39．A．always B．never C．still D．just
40．A．pressure B．lessons C．pills D．tests
第二部分 閱讀理解(滿分45分)
第一節(jié)(每小題2分，共40分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項(A、B、C和D)中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
A
When today's moms and dads were kids，exploring nature meant creating an ant farm or making a mud pie．But with hot topics like environment，green and organic，today's little kids will need to become little environmentalists．It's time to get started in the backyard．
“Nature Discovery in My Backyard”is the first book in a series of children's books by The Little Environmentalists．LLC．The book is written for preschoolers and early readers． This picture book follows a little girl discovering what everyone sees，when they stop to look and smell the roses．A falling leaf，a beautiful flower or grass under feet become nature lessons．
“Children will smell，hear，feel and see their way through their own backyard nature discovery，”explains Rebecca Mattano，creator of “The Little Environmentalists”．“Each page gives a new and special look into nature with colorful pictures．It not only teaches but challenges children to find all that nature shows．”
To help parents and educators with their“green”lessons，the book gives tips on nature for every season of the year．Interesting educational facts on plants and animals are introduced in the back of the book．How many adults can name the animal family that the groundhog(土撥鼠)is in? You might be surprised to learn that it's the squirrel family．
The groundhog digs its home underground．They dig about 700 pounds of soil out of the ground when they are making their homes and can finish this in one day．They are in the squirrel family．
“My hope is for these books to build environmental knowledge，”adds Mattano．
The book introduces plenty of easy-to-do outdoor activities led by teachers and parents．
41．“The Little Environmentalists”may be
A．children who love nature． B．a company that publishes books．
C．an organization which cares for environment．
D．the name of a series of children's books．
42．Which of the following sentences describing the book is Not true?
A．Each page of the book is offered colorful pictures．
B．You can learn a lot about plants and animals by the facts in the back of the book．
C．The book can help children to get close to every season of the year．
D．teachers and parents can not learn a variety of outdoor activities from the book
43．The author wrote the passage in order to
A．help teenagers to find the beauty of nature．
B．teach children environmental knowledge．
C．introduce Nature Discovery in My Backyard
D．give a new and special look into nature．
44．In which part will you probably find the passage in a newspaper?
A．Book Review B．Animal World C．Stories D．Activities
B
Susan Dahl had spent four months homeless in Colorado and just been on a painful 10-hour bus trip through ice and snow．Hungry and broke，she was anxious to get back to family in Minnesota．That's when a tall man in a red coat and red hat sat next to her at the downtown bus station，talked to her quietly and then gave her $100 on that December afternoon．The man was doing the work of Larry Stewart，Kansas City's original Secret Santa who wandered city streets handing out $100 bills to those who looked like they needed money．Stewart died of cancer at the age 58 earlier this year，but his spirit lives on．“Here's a $100 bill … and this is in memory of Larry Stewart，”said Dahl,56．
During about a quarter century， Stewart quietly gave out more than $1.3 million to people in streets，restaurants，bus stations，shelters and markets，saying it was his way of giving back at Christmas for all the wealth and generosity(慷慨)he had received in his lifetime．For years，Stewart did not want his name known or want thanks，but last December he acknowledged who he was and used his last few months while battling cancer to press his message of kindness toward others．He even trained some friends in the ways of Secret Santa．This Christmas，a friend who told Stewart in the hospital that he would carry on for him is out on the streets，handing out $100 bills，each one stamped with“Larry Steward，Secret Santa”Between Kansas City and several other cities this Christmas，the new Secret Santa will give away $75,000 of his own money，mostly in $100 bills．
“I didn't want to be a Secret Santa，”said the man，a businessman who lives in the Kansas City area．“I wanted to give Larry money．But last year he said I had to hand it out myself．So I did and got hooked．Anyone can be Secret Santa，”he says．“You don't have to give away $100．You can give away kindness．Help someone．”
45．We can learn from the passage that Larry Stewart
A．lived in Kansas city of the US B．gave away $1,300,000 openly
C．died of heart attack in hospital D．was fifty-six years old this year
46．The underlined word“broke”in Paragraph 1 probably means
A．very tired B．having no clothes C．having no money D．not feeling well
47．why did Larry Stewart's friend hand out $100 bill in the street?
A．He wanted to be a Secret Santa B．Larry Stewart asked him to do so
C． He was a very rich businessman D．He wanted to thank Stewart
48．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．Secret Santa’s spirit lives on B．Help anyone who is in trouble
C．give $ 100 to whoever wants it. D．The gift from Santa.
C
In most situations ，light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution.
It stops us from seeing some of life’s most beautiful sights：stars，planets, and even galaxies(星系).”When I was a little boy , I loved the night sky,” recalls Robert Gent of the International Dark-Sky Association, an organization working to reduce light pollution.
“I remember looking up and the sky was full of stars ,and I asked , ‘How many are there? How far away are they? Can we visit them? ’ I became an astronomer because I was amazed by their beauty, ”he says .” Now in most big cities kids can’t see the stars like I did.”
Normally ，about2,500 stars can be seen by the human eyes without using any special equipment. But because of light pollution，today you actually see just 200 to 300 from suburbs, and fewer than 12 from cities.
Fortunately, there is a solution that is inexpensive and has benefits right away ， says Gent. “If we shine lights down at the ground instead of up into the sky ， and use lower brightness levels , we can save enormous amounts of energy and enjoy the beauty of the night skies.”
Many cities and towns have passed laws limiting lights at night ，making sure of enough shine for safety without creating a lot of light pollution.
Light pollution does harm to more than our view of the heavens. Research shows that lots of nighttime light can harm wildlife.
Migrating birds(候鳥)sometimes fly over cities and become confused by the brightness, flying in circles until they drop from extreme tiredness. Sea turtles need dark beaches for nesting and won’t nest near bright lights. Too much light at night may even affect human health, scientists are still learning more.
For all these reasons ，researchers are working on ways to use lights only when and where they are truly needed.
49．Today, people can't see the stars like before exactly they can see ______stars now.
A．about 2,500 B．just 200 C．less than 300 D．fewer than 12
50．We can infer from the passage that ________
A．light pollution has few bad effects on wildlife
B．too much lights will destroy sea turtle’s nests
C．kids now have less imagination towards the skies than their fathers.
D．shining the lights up into skies is a good way to solve the light pollution.
51．Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A．Robert Gent showed great interest in the skies full of stars , which made him become an astronomer.
B．With more harm found in the future , there is still a long way fight against light pollution.
C．The International Dark-Sky Association is aimed at reducing light pollution.
D．Laws limiting lights at night have passed and saved light pollution successfully.
D
Make a five-minute film and win!
Do you love the summer holidays but hate being bored? Then why don’t you enter the Film Street Summer Shorts Competition by making a short film this summer with your family and friends?
What you have to do
To enter the competition, you have to make a short film that is around 5 minutes long (It can be shorter but not longer!) on a digital camera, or mobile phone.
Awards
The best short film entered into our competition will be shown in Film Street’s Cinema and you’ll win a Cineworld Cinemas pass for yourself and three more for other members of your filmmaking crew(演職員). If you have a Cineworld Cinema pass, you can watch as many films as you like for a year, for free, at any Cineworld Cinema!
Rules
◆We can't show films that tell others about either your, or any other kid’s name or address.
◆We can't show films that hurt , harm or insult(侮辱)other people.
◆We can't show films that have bad language.
Copyright checklist(版權清單)
Getting permission to use someone else’s work in your film can be expensive, so check your film to make sure that：
◆Your film is original and you haven’t copied someone else.
◆There are no scenes of branding(商標)on shop sights, books , magazines or CDs.
◆There are no scenes of someone else’s artwork.
Address and Date
Post your finished film on tape, CD or DVD by Monday ，October 1st ,2007 to:
Film Street Summer Shorts Competition
First Light Movies
Unit 6 , Third Floor , The Bond
B5 5SE
So what's stopping you? Start making your Film Street Summer short now!
52．Who is the passage written for?
A．Children. B．Parents. C．Teachers D．Actors.
53．How many Cineworld Cinemas passes will the winner of the competition be awarded in all?
A．One B．Two C．Three D．Four
54．From the third paragraph we can learn that ________
A．the winner's short film can be shown in any cinema
B．the competition is held by Cineworld Cinemas
C．the winner can watch films for free for one year at any Cineworld Cinema
D．the winner will be paid for his short film
55．The underlined word “original” is closest in meaning to ________
A．interesting enough B．full of exciting moments
C．good for children D．made by yourself
E
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr Kim has a new explanation . He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
During the hours when you labour through your work , you may say that you’re “hot.” That’s true . The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak(高峰). For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For other it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so , but it leads to such familiar words as :”Get up .John! You’ll be late for work again!” The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help .Dr Kim believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway . Counteract(對抗)your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to . If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day , rise before your usual hour . This won’t change your cycle , but you’ll get up steam and work better at your low point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy . Get up with a leisurely yawn(哈欠)and your body stretching. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do usual work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or attention for your shaper hours.
56．If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _______
A．he is a lazy person B．he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C．he is not sure when his energy is low D．he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
57．Which of the follow may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A．Unknowing of energy cycle.
B．Understanding the energy cycle.
C．A change in a family member’s energy cycle.
D．Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
58．If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should ______
A．change his energy cycle B．overcome his laziness
C．get up earlier than usual D．go to bed earlier
59．You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will ___________
A．enable you to fix your attention on your work
B．help you to control your temper early in the day
C．keep your energy cycle under control all day
D．help to keep your energy for the day’s word
60．Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A．getting off to work with a minimum effort helps people save their energy.
B．Dr Kim explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C．Habit can help people adapt to their own energy cycles.
D．Children, like the adults , have energy cycles, too.
第二節(jié)(每小題1分，共5分)根據對話內容， 從對話后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。
M：Welcome back! I didn't see you in the history class on Friday.
W： 61 My geography class went on a field trip to look at some of the different rocks.
M：Really? 62 Where did you go?
W：A desert . It gets hot during the day , but it cools off very quickly at night. 63
M：Well, did you enjoy the trip?
W：Of course I did , Since there are so few plants growing there ,it’s very easy to see different rocks.
M： 64 You must call me if you have the chance to go there again.
W：No problem. 65
A：I really want to go there.
B：That sounds excellent!
C：I will be your guide next time.
D：It is very dry there after the sun goes down.
E；I'm tired of this trip.
F：I wasn't here on Friday.
G：We learnt a lot from this trip.
第Ⅱ卷（選擇題，共55分）
第三部分 寫作（滿分55分）
第一節(jié) 單詞拼寫（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）根據下列句子及所給單詞的漢語注釋，在句子右邊的橫線上寫出各單詞的正確形式。（每空只寫一詞）
66．It is very (方便)to pay by credit card. 66．
67．December is the (十二)month of the year. 67．
68．There are a lot of (圖書館)in big cities. 68．
69．Next (星期六),some foreigners will visit our school. 69．
70．We take great (驕傲)in offering the best service in town. 70．
71．Are you (熟悉)with the computer software they use? 71．
72．I suspect that he was dismissed for （政治）reasons. 72．
73．Upon (到達), we all got down to work. 73．
74．She looked beautiful on her (婚禮)day. 74．
75．My English is poor. I had some trouble ____(理解)the foreigners at the meeting.
75．
第二節(jié) 短文改錯（共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分）
此題要求改正所給短文中的錯誤。對標有題號的每一行做出判斷：如無錯誤，在該行右邊橫線一畫一個勾（√）；如有錯誤（每行只有一個錯誤），則按下列情況改正：
此行多一個詞：把多余的詞用斜線（/）劃掉，在該行右邊橫線上寫出該詞，并也用斜線劃掉。
此行缺一個詞：在缺詞處加一個漏字符號（∨），在該行右邊橫線上寫出該加的詞。
此行錯一個詞：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，在該行右邊橫線上寫出改正后的詞。
注意：原行沒有錯的不要改。
Some students are in low spirit when they don’t do 76．
well in the exams. They usually lose their heart and no longer 77．
study as hard as before . However , most students take a 78．
active attitude towards failure. They encourage them 79．
to be self-confident. They find out and analyzed the causes 80．
of their failure so that will no longer make similar mistakes. 81．
I agree those with active attitudes, As we all 82．
know it , failure is the mother of success, Even great men 83．
had failed many times before they succeeded. 84．
And we must deal with our failure correct. 85．
第三節(jié) 書面表達（滿分30分）
假如你是李華，收到你的美國筆友（Hank Stram）的電子郵件，他說在五一期間要和他的父母來北京旅游，他聽說長城很雄偉，他想先參觀長城再參觀其它名勝。你用e-mail回復他。
提示：1．你告訴他可以乘公交車去長城。
2．你告訴他五一期間游客眾多，注意安全。且天氣多變，要帶點藥品以防感冒。
3．你還可以向他介紹北京的其它著名景點（如頤和園、鳥巢the Bird’s Nest、水立方the Water Cube等）。
4．110語左右。
5．開頭和結尾已給出，請抄寫到答題紙相應的區(qū)域。
Dear Hank,
How are you!
Yours,
Li Hua
生物：對激素熱點考題的歸納分析
對激素熱點考題的歸納分析
為了幫助廣大考生備考“激素分泌的調節(jié)和相關激素間的作用”這一考點,筆者對各地的模擬試題及近年的相關高考題加以分析比較,從而歸納概括出以下三類題型的創(chuàng)新與預測。
[例題1]取正常小鼠，每天飼喂一定量的甲狀腺激素，3周后，該小鼠（ ）
A．新陳代謝增強，促甲狀腺激素含量增加
B．新陳代謝增強，促甲狀腺激素含量減少
C．新陳代謝減弱，促甲狀腺激素含量增加
D．新陳代謝減弱，促甲狀腺激素含量減少
[研析]本題考查的知識點是動物體內甲狀腺激素的功能及其激素的反饋調節(jié)。動物體內甲狀腺激素的主要功能是：促進新陳代謝和生長發(fā)育，尤其對中樞神經系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育和功能具有重要影響，提高神經系統(tǒng)得興奮性。當體內血液中甲狀腺激素含量超過正常值時，通過反饋調節(jié)會抑制下丘腦和垂體的活動，垂體所分泌的促甲狀腺激素的含量則會減少。
[答案] B。
[點擊]對于甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素之間的關聯是學生容易搞混的地方。學生應該搞清楚，正常情況下，首先是促甲狀腺激素影響著甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌，其次，甲狀腺激素反過來又會影響促甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌。當甲狀腺激素含量在血液中過高時，就是一個典型的反饋調節(jié)，促甲狀腺激素含量將會減少，從而會減少甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌，使甲狀腺激素含量在血液中趨于一個穩(wěn)定值。
[創(chuàng)新?預測1] 下圖表示甲狀腺活動調節(jié)的示意圖。對這一調節(jié)的描述錯誤的是（ ）
A．X與Y結構分別表示下丘腦和垂體
B．a與b物質分別表示促甲狀腺激素釋放激素和促甲狀腺激素
C．Z結構的活動只受Y結構的控制
D．血液中的甲狀腺激素含量起著反饋調節(jié)的作用
[答案] C 甲狀腺激素的分泌調節(jié)屬于反饋調節(jié)。當寒冷等刺激影響下，下丘腦的一些細胞能合成并分泌促甲狀腺激素釋放激素，促進垂體活動合成并分泌促甲狀腺激素，促甲狀腺激素又能刺激甲狀腺合成并分泌甲狀腺激素，從而促進新陳代謝，以使機體抵御寒冷等刺激。但當血液中甲狀腺激素的含量增加一定程度時，會抑制下丘腦和垂體的活動，使促甲狀腺激素釋放激素和促甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌減少，從而使血液中甲狀腺激素含量不致過高。本題就是對這一知識點的考查，因此A、B、D項屬于正確的。另外甲狀腺激素的分泌活動除了受垂體的調節(jié)外，還受血液中血糖濃度、其它激素和神經系統(tǒng)的調節(jié)。
[例題2]下圖表示機體內生命活動調節(jié)的途徑。下列說法錯誤的是（ ）
A．該圖示可以說明神經系統(tǒng)可控制內分泌系統(tǒng)的活動
B．胰島B細胞的分泌活動不受④過程的調節(jié)
C．如果感受器、①、下丘腦、⑦和內分泌腺組成機體內的某一反射活動的反射弧，則效應器為圖中的的組織
D．如果圖示中的內分泌腺為甲狀腺，則⑥的增加可引起③和④的減少
[研析]本題所示的是神經調節(jié)和體液調節(jié)共同作用的圖，兩者之間，神經調節(jié)為主，并控制著體液調節(jié)。胰島B細胞不受垂體控制，但受下丘腦的控制，圖中⑦就可作為這個實例。如果感受器、①、下丘腦、⑦和內分泌腺組成機體內的某一反射活動的反射弧，則效應器為圖中的內分泌腺，而不應該是圖中的組織。甲狀腺激素的調節(jié)是一個反饋調節(jié)，當其含量過高時，會減少促甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素釋放激素的合成和分泌。
[答案] C。
[相關鏈接] 垂體、下丘腦在內分泌活動中的重要作用:垂體是人體重要的內分泌腺，它不僅本身能分泌多種激素，如生長激素直接調節(jié)控制生長發(fā)育、新陳代謝，而且能分泌幾種激素如促甲狀腺激素、促性腺激素，分別調節(jié)甲狀腺、性腺等內分泌的活動。因此曾被稱為“內分泌之王”。而垂體的活動又受下丘腦控制，下丘腦可以比喻為內分泌的“王中王”，是機體調節(jié)內分泌活動的總樞紐。它通過分泌促激素釋放激素來調節(jié)控制垂體的活動，如分泌促甲狀腺激素釋放激素促進垂體合成分泌促甲狀腺激素，還能分泌促性腺激素釋放激素，促腎上腺激素釋放激素等。下丘腦是中樞神經系統(tǒng)的一部分，本身能產生傳導興奮，其興奮性受大腦皮層控制，因此它是神經調節(jié)和激素調節(jié)的聯系樞紐。
[創(chuàng)新?預測2] （多選題）下圖表示下丘腦神經分泌細胞、垂體細胞、甲狀腺細胞及它們分泌的激素之間的關系。下列有關分析正確的有（ ）
A．激素A是促甲腺激素釋放激素
B．當體內缺乏I元素時，將導致激素C的合成受阻
C．人遭遇危險而情緒緊張時血液中激素C的含量將會增加
D． 激素C與下丘腦分泌的生長激素之間存在協同作用
[答案]ABC 激素C為甲狀腺激素，與生長激素之間有著協同作用。但生長激素是由垂體所分泌的，所以D選項錯誤。
[例題3]為探索影響動物體內甲狀腺激素水平的相關因素，某研究性學習小組做了如下一些實驗：
（l）實驗一：取生長正常的成年雄鼠甲，對其體內甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素進行不間斷檢測。每隔3d對甲鼠的甲狀腺做一次等量切除，其甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素水平如上圖所示，請據圖回答：
①圖中曲線a表示的激素是 ，曲線b表示的激素是 。
②實驗結果表明，在正常情況下，甲狀腺細胞的分泌功能（產生的激素量）與甲狀腺的體積成 關系。
③通過該實驗，還可以給人啟示，對于患 的病人可以實施手術治療。
（2）實驗二：取生長正常的成年雄鼠乙，每隔3d注射一次等量的促甲狀腺激素釋放激素，并測得其體內甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素含量的變化，總是先上升后下降，請分析產生這種生理變化的原因。
①當體內促甲狀腺激素釋放激素濃度升高時， 合成和分泌增多，進而刺激甲狀腺合成和分泌甲狀腺激素。
②當停止注射促甲狀腺激素釋放激素時，其體內過高的 就會抑制 和 的分泌活動，從而使相應的激素水平下降。
（3）為了驗證碘是合成甲狀腺激素的原料，某同學提出了這樣一個實驗方案：取生長狀況相同的雄鼠丙和雌鼠丁，其中給丙鼠每天喂含碘的食物，丁鼠每天喂不含碘的等量的食物；兩只鼠放在不同室內條件下飼養(yǎng)，一段時間后對兩只鼠體內甲狀腺激素水平進行測定。請改正該方案中的不足之處： 。
[研析]本題結合實驗全面考查了學生對甲狀腺激素和促甲狀腺激素之間關系的理解，以及考查了學生對實驗基本操作規(guī)則的掌握程度。實驗一中，由于切除甲狀腺，那么甲狀腺激素含量將會持續(xù)下降，促甲狀腺激素含量將會持續(xù)增加。通過該實驗可用于治療甲亢病人的理論指導。實驗二是探討甲狀腺激素的反饋調節(jié)。下丘腦分泌的促甲狀腺激素釋放激素，垂體分泌的促甲狀腺激素會促進甲狀腺激素的合成和分泌，同時甲狀腺激素反過來又會影響下丘腦和垂體的活動。在實驗設計方案中，該同學忽略了等量原則：實驗用的老鼠性別應相同，培養(yǎng)的條件也應該相同，且有利于老鼠的生存。
[答案]（1）①促甲狀腺激素 甲狀腺激素 ②正相關 ③甲亢
（2）①促甲狀腺激素 ②甲狀腺激素 下丘腦 垂體
（3）①丙鼠和丁鼠的性別應相同 ②放在相同的適宜條件下飼養(yǎng)
[方法/技巧]1．配合題意，理解圖的含義，理解圖在解題中所起的重要作用。
2．緊扣圖所給的信息回答題目，盡量不要偏離圖形所反應出的知識點。
3．學科內知識會靈活應用，能觸類旁通。
4．掌握必須的實驗設計原則：等量原則、單一變量原則。
[創(chuàng)新?預測3] 下面是采用動物實驗法和臨床觀察法，研究甲狀腺的內分泌功能。分析結果，回答下列問題：
實驗一：腺體制劑飼喂蝌蚪，結果蝌蚪發(fā)育加快，體型小。
實驗二：摘除成年狗腺體，結果成年狗食欲不振、臃腫、呆笨、萎靡。
實驗三：摘除小狗腺體，結果除上述癥狀外，發(fā)育停止。
臨床四：地方性甲狀腺腫癥狀是腺體腫大，勞動時心跳快、氣短，以食鹽加碘可以防治。
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減數分裂
如圖所示，水平光滑的平行金屬導軌，左端接有電阻R，勻強磁場B豎直向下分布在導軌所在的空間內，質量一定的金屬棒PQ垂直導軌放置。今使棒以一定的初速度v0向右運動，當棒到達位置c時速度剛好為零。設導軌與棒的電阻均不計，ab=bc，則金屬棒在由a到b和由b到c的兩過程中（ ）
）∶1
知，兩個階段
相等，q應相同，B正確。這兩個過程的時間不相等，所以磁通量的變化率
不相同，平均感應電流不相等，故C錯。如果是勻變速直線運動，時間之比才為（
處電流不小于I0，選項A、C都錯．答案：BD。
如圖所示，在直徑為D、電阻為R的細金屬絲圓環(huán)區(qū)域內有一垂直于該圓環(huán)的變化磁場，其磁場的變化規(guī)律為
（k為大于零的常數），則以下說法正確的是 （ ）
時間內，通過金屬圓環(huán)橫截面的電荷量為
4．
，控制中心接收到線圈兩端的電壓信號u
，所以A在t1~t2時間內做勻加速直線運動，在t3~t4時間內還是做勻加速直線運動，在t1時刻有
，在t2時刻有
，在t1~t2時間內加速度大小為
，D項正確。答案：ACD。
、O轉動，滑輪上繞一細線，線的一端系一質量為M的重物，另一端系一質量為m的金屬桿．在豎直平面內有兩根間距為L的足夠長的平行金屬導軌PQ、MN，在Q、N之間連接有阻值為R的電阻，其余電阻不計．磁感應強度為B的勻強磁場與導軌平面垂直．開始時金屬桿置于導軌下端，將重物由靜止釋放，重物最終能勻速下降，運動過程中金屬桿始終與導軌接觸良好．
（2）對一定的磁感應強度B，取不同的質量M，測出相應的重物做勻速運動時的v值，得到實驗圖線如圖乙所示，圖中畫出了磁感應強度分別為B1和B2時的兩條實驗圖線。試根據實驗結果計算比值
．
解得 
，
，所以
。
=
m/s 
T
s 
J 
3．在圖中，MON是光滑的裸導線圍成的線框，∠MON=60°，線框處在水平面內且置于豎直向下、磁感應強度為B的勻強磁場中，裸導線ab與線框良好接觸，接觸點a、b與線框頂點O構成等邊三角形，裸導線ab能在彈簧S的作用下沿線框勻速向左移動，運動到頂點O以后繼續(xù)在光滑絕緣導軌上向左運動（絕緣導軌與光滑的裸導線圍成的線框在同一水平面內，且光滑連接）；已知彈簧的平衡位置在O點，導線的初始位置處在彈簧的彈性限度內，彈簧的勁度系數為k，導線單位長度的電阻為r，裸導線ab的質量為m.
，
新設計.files/image002.gif)
解析�。�1）由于題目中待測電壓表的量程為3V，內阻約為2000Ω，所以電壓表中的最大電流為新設計.files/image004.gif)
，而給定的電流表A1的量程為0．新設計.files/image005.gif)
。新設計.files/image007.gif)
以上，因而無法準確測量通過電壓表的電流，所以電流表不能用。新設計.files/image009.gif)
）；新設計.files/image011.gif)
；新設計.files/image013.gif)
；新設計.files/image015.gif)
（2）請畫出實驗原理圖．新設計.files/image017.gif)
可知，只要能測出兩組路端電壓和電流即可，但題目中只給出兩個電流表且其中一個電流表G的內阻已知，可以把內阻已知的電流表和定值電阻新設計.files/image019.gif)
串聯改裝成一個電壓表。為了減少誤差，滑動變阻器需選④新設計.files/image021.gif)
新設計.files/image023.gif)
新設計.files/image025.gif)
．新設計.files/image027.gif)
之間，現要測量其內阻，實驗室提供下列可選用的器材：新設計.files/image029.gif)
新設計.files/image030.gif)
則電流表選擇Ａ1．新設計.files/image031.gif)
電流表A2（量程600 mA，內阻約為1Ω） ； 新設計.files/image034.jpg)
（2）若選測量數據中的一組來計算電流表A1的內阻r1，則所用電流表A1的內阻r1表達式為r1 = ；式中各符號的意義是
。新設計.files/image037.gif)
新設計.files/image039.jpg)
新設計.files/image041.jpg)
解析 （1）加在待測電阻上的電壓最大約等于電源的電動勢，即為9V，而待測的電阻器Rx其阻值約在40～50Ω之間，此時通過其的最大電流約為225mA，為了測量有較高的精度，電流表應選用A1。新設計.files/image042.jpg)
接線柱作為輸入端，即電源通過這兩個接線柱給滑動變阻器供電；然后再在圖乙中選擇電流表、待測電阻組成的電路，它們串連接在滑動變阻器的輸出端上，應在滑動變阻器的上下兩組接線柱中各選擇一個組合成輸出端，另外在接電流表時應注意接線柱的極性；最后將電壓表并聯在待測電阻兩端，同樣應注意接線柱的極性。這樣整個電路就連接好了如圖所示。