黑龍江省哈爾濱市第六中學(xué)2009屆高三第一次模擬考試

英語(yǔ)試題

I.          聽(tīng)力

第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）

1. Why cannot Nancy answer the phone?

A. She’s on the way to office right now.

B. She’s answering another phone call.

C. She’s out to buy some lines.

2. What does the woman mean?

A. She is willing to let the man use her dictionary.

B. She doesn’t think the man needs the dictionary.

C. She wonders why the man wants to use her dictionary.

3. How many books can the man borrow?

A. Twenty-five    B. Five     C. Twenty

4. Where is Mr. Wang now?

  A. In America     B. In Japan   C. In his company

5. What will the woman have to do?

  A. Use the tape herself  B. Keep the tape for another week

  C. Return the tape to the man.

第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）

聽(tīng)第6段材料，回答第6至8題。

6. What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?

  A. Doctor and patient   B. Lawyer and client 

C. Receptionist and patient

7. What is the man’s problem?

  A. He has a stomachache   B. He has chest pains 

C. He has a sore throat

8. When is the man going to Dr. Black’s office?

  A. Right away   B. In the afternoon   C. At ten in the morning

聽(tīng)第7段材料，回答第9至11題。

9. Why does the man want to find a nurse?

  A. He likes the nurse to chat with his parents

  B. His mother wants a nice nurse to help her

  C. He needs a nurse to look after his sick father

10. What do you know about the man?

  A. He never thought it’s so difficult to find a nurse.

  B. He doesn’t want his mother herself to take care of his father

  C. He cares more about his father than about his mother

11. What can be inferred from the conversation?

  A. The man’s mother used to be a nurse

  B. The man’s father has been in hospital for a long time.

  C. The man has interviewed several nurses.

聽(tīng)第8段材料，回答第12至14小題。

12. What may be the man’s purpose according to the conversation?

  A. He wants to find a suitable job.   B. He wants to get a girlfriend.

  C. He wants to marry the woman.

13. What kind of people might the man prefer?

  A. A serious person   B. A practical person  C. A rich person

14. What’s the man’s possible favor according to the conversation?

  A. Sightseeing   B. Running a restaurant  C. Writing

聽(tīng)第9段材料，回答第15至17題。

15. Why does the woman want to travel after graduation?

  A. To enrich her experience  B. To find a good job while traveling

  C. To see different places described in the books

16. How can we adapt to the changing environment according to the woman?

  A. We should be independent    B. We should be willing to change

  C. We should get to know different people.

17. What will the woman learn while traveling?

  A. To help people   B. To believe herself  C. To value people

聽(tīng)第10段材料，回答第18至20題。

18. How will buyers pay for items they have chosen on TV?

  A. By making a phone call   B. By charging them to a credit card

  C. By paying for them at the cashier’s.

19. Why do some people prefer to shop in stores?

  A. It’s taken as a way to relax     B. They can shop around the clock

  C. Goods in store is a bit cheaper

20. What can you infer from the text?

  A. Store shopping will be replaced in the future.

  B. Store shopping and home shopping are needed by different people.

  C. Shopping on the Internet is developing rapidly.

II. 單項(xiàng)選擇

21. It is known that water is not _____ endless resource, nor _____ that can be made once more.

   A. the; 不填      B. an; one       C. an; that         D. 不填；one

22. I’m not sure whether I will have anything else to do tomorrow. ____,I will try every possible means to come to the party.

   A. Even though    B. Anyhow    C. If so    D. Instead

23. It is required that the students ______ mobile phones in their school, so seldom ____ them using one.

   A. not use; will you see    B. should not use; you will see

   C. don’t use; will you see   D. not use; you will see

24. With the electric map ______ in the car _____ the exact position, the driver can drive in the right direction of the destination.

A. fixing; showing        B. fixed; shown

C. fixed; showing         D. fixing; shown

25. ?When did you last hear ____ Jay?

   --He phoned me this morning, and we agreed____ a time and place to meet.

   A. of; to    B. about; with   C. from; with   D. from; on

26. ―Tom has missed yesterday’s class, so ____ one example is necessary to get him to grasp this rule clearly.

27. He spent at least as much time reading as you____ online yesterday.

   A. had to chat   B. do chatting   C. had chatted   D. did chatting

28. ?Do the students learn any foreign language in your school?

   - Yes, more than one____ taught in this school.

   A. language is   B. language are   C. language be  D. languages are

29. It’s hard for him to play against me. I’ve got nothing to play for, but for him, he needs to win so ______.

   A. far    B. well    C. little     D. badly

30. ---You seem to get lost. Need help?

   --- _______.

   A. Yes, give me a hand, please.

   B. Help me find my bag, please.

   C. I’m looking for the No.1 bus.

   D. Yes, would you please help me with the bag?

31. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not ____, and asked myself what I was going to do.

   A. moved   B. moving    C. to move     D. being moved

32. Without proper lessons, you could ____ a lot of bad habits when playing the piano.

   A. give up   B. catch up    C. keep up    D. pick up

33. At the sight of the policeman, ___from behind the door.

   A. did the boy rush out   B. did he sit down  

C. out rushed the boy    D. rushing out was the boy

34. He often speaks of the trouble he _____ to help the orphan.

   A. had     B. found   C. made    D. took

35. ---We didn’t find the Blacks ____ the lecture.

   ---No one had told them about _____ a lecture the following day.

   A. to attend; there to be      B. attending; there being

   C. attended; there be         D. attend; there was

III. 完形填空 

I think the most basic and powerful way to connect to another person is to listen. Perhaps, the most important thing we ever give each other is our  36 , and especially if it’s given from our hearts.

   When people are talking,  37  is no need to do anything but  38  them and take them in. Listen to what they are  39 . In most cases,  40  is more important than understanding. It has taken me a long time to believe in the  41  of simple saying “ I’m so sorry ” when some one is in pain.

   One of my patients told me that when she tried to tell her story, people often  42  her to tell her that they once had  43  just like what happened to her. Finally, she  44  talking to most people.

45 , we connect to each other through listening. When we interrupt what someone is saying to let him or her know that we understand, we move the focus of attention to ourselves.

I have  46  learned to respond to someone’s  47  by just listening to him or her. In the old days, I used to  48 the tissue (紙巾). I realized that passing a person a tissue  49  be just another way to  50  them down and take them out of their experience of  51 . Now just listen. When they have cried all they  52  to cry, they find me there with them.

This simple thing has not been that easy to learn. It certainly went  53  everything I had been taught since I was very young. I  54  think that people listened only because they did not know the answer. But now I know that a loving  55  often has more power to comfort others than words.

36.

A. attention

B. love

C. minds

D. actions

37.

A. it

B. that

C. this

D. there

38.

A. receive

B. accept

C. get

D. bring

39.

A. speaking

B. talking

C. telling

D. saying

40.

A. discussing

B. doing

C. listening

D. hearing

41.

A. effort

B. power

C. treasure

D. strength

42.

A. interrupted

B. disturbed

C. asked

D. demanded

43.

A. everything

B. anything

C. something

D. nothing

44.

A. began

B. stopped

C. started

D. continued

45.

A. In fact

B. At length

C. As a result

D. In other words

46.

A. still

B. never

C. even

D. hardly

47.

A. anxiety

B. laughing

C. shouting

D. crying

48.

A. give off

B. reach for

C. reach out

D. give up

49.

A. might

B. will

C. had to

D. must

50.

A. break

B. put

C. pull

D. calm

51.

A. happiness

B. sadness

C. anger

D. delight

52.

A. try

B. manage

C. need

D. like

53.

A. against

B. for

C. out

D. with

54.

A. always

B. happened to

C. seldom

D. used to

55.

A. lecture

B. understanding

C. silence

D. act

IV. 閱讀理解

A

  I was doing some Christmas shopping in a toy store and decided to look at Barbie dolls for my nieces. A nicely dressed little girl was excitedly looking through the Barbie dolls as well. As she was looking, a little boy came to the Pokemon toys. He was dressed neatly, but his clothed were obviously old. He was with his father as well, and kept picking up the Pokemon video toys. Each time he picked one up and looked at his father, his father shook his head and said, “No.”

  The little girl had chosen her Barbie. However, she stopped and was watching them. Rather dejectedly, the boy had to give up the Pokemon toys and choose something else. The little girl put her Barbie back on the shelf, and ran over to the Pokemon toys. She excitedly picked up one and raced towards the checkout. I picked up my purchases and got in line behind them. Then, much to the little girl’s delight, the little boy and his father got in line behind me. After the toy was paid for and bagged, the little girl handed it back to the cashier (收銀員) and whispered something in her ear. The casher smiled and put the package under the counter.

  I paid for my purchases and was rearranging things when the little boy came up to the cashier. The cashier checked his purchases and said, “Congratulations, you are my hundredth customer today, and you win a prize!” With that, she handed the little boy the Pokemon toys, and he could only stare in surprise. It was exactly what he had wanted!

  The little girl and her father had been standing at the doorway during all of this. Then they walked out. As I walked back to my car, I heard the father ask his daughter why she had done that. I’ll never forget what she said to him. “Daddy, didn’t Grandparents want me to buy something that would make me happy?” He said, “Of course they did, honey.” To which the little girl replied, “ Well, I just did!”

  I feel very shocked to have witnessed the true spirit of Christmas in that boy store, in the form of a little girl who understands more about the meaning of this festival than most adults I know.

56. The underlined word “dejectedly” in the second paragraph probably means _____.

   A. delightedly  B. disappointedly  C. excitedly   D. unexpectedly

57. How did the little boy get the Pokemon toys?

   A. His father bought him the Poknemon toys.

   B. Fortunately, he was the hundredth customer and won the Poknemon toys.

   C. The cashier felt sympathy for the little boy and gave him the Poknemon toys.

   D. The little girl bought the Poknemon toys for him.

58. What did the little girl mean when saying “Daddy, didn’t Grandparents want me to buy something that would make me happy?”

   A. Her Grandparents wanted her to be happy.

   B. Making the little boy happy made her happy.

   C. The Poknemon toys made her happy.

   D. Her Grandparents hoped that she could help others.

59. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

   A. the story happened before Christmas.

   B. The little boy had no enough money to buy the Poknemon toys.

   C. Although the little girl liked the Poknemon toys very much, she gave them to the boy.

   D. The author was deeply moved by the behavior of the little girl.

                             B

The day after Thanksgiving is considered the first day of the holiday shopping season in the United States. It even has a name ― “Black Friday.” The name comes from the idea that this is the day when store owners begin to show a profit for the year.

In the past, before calculators and computers, workers recorded the profits and losses of American businesses in special books. They used red ink to record losses. They used black ink to record profits. They used the term “in the red” to mean losing money. “In the black” meant making a profit. So “Black Friday” was the day when the store owners moved from being “in the red” to “in the black.”

Many people consider “Black Friday” to be the busiest shopping day of the year. But that is probably false. Researchers say it may be the day when the largest number of people go to stores. But it is not necessarily the day when shoppers spend the largest amount of money. Some experts say Americans just want to get out of the house the day after Thanksgiving. And many stores reduce some of their prices on “Black Friday.” 

However, experts say that many people wait until much closer to Christmas, December 25, hoping to find even lower prices. They say the busiest day of the year in terms of the amount of shoppers and sales is usually the Saturday before Christmas.

A marketing services company carried out a public opinion study about shopping last month. It asked almost one thousand Americans about their gift buying plans. One-third said they plan to go to stores to shop on the day after Thanksgiving.

The study found that these shoppers are mainly young people, probably because older people do not want to deal with huge crowds. In fact, business leaders say many older Americans are doing their shopping at home -- on the computer. They say the day most people shop online is the Monday after “Black Friday.” They even have a name for it -- “Cyber Monday.” 

60. Which is the busiest shopping day of the year according to the text?

A. Black Friday

B. the day before Christmas

C. the Saturday before Christmas

D. Cyber Monday

61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Businessmen prefer the term “in the red” to “in the black”.

B. “Black Friday” means store owners begin to earn money.

C. The largest amount of sales is made on “Black Friday”.

D. The largest number of people go to stores on “Black Friday”.

62. Why don’t people spend money on “Black Friday”?

A. They are not satisfied with the quality of the goods sold.

B. Some shops secretly increase their prices on that day.

C. Too many people in the store discourage their shopping desire.

D. They are waiting for a more competitive price.

63. From the passage we can conclude that ________.

A. Stores failed to earn much money from older people on “Black Friday”.

B. “Cyber Monday” has a larger amount of sales than “Black Friday”.

C. All young people prefer going to stores on “Black Friday”.

D. Older people like shopping on-line because of cheaper prices.

C

  The following are the results of the tests done by “Family and Home Magazine” on some Pocket Tape-Recorders on the market now.

  Pearlcorder S702 $64

  This simple model at the bottom of the Olympus range scored the most points for its excellent quality of recording. Background noise hardly affects the sound and recording from a pocket is perfectly possible, but it doesn’t turn off automatically.

  Tape length: 30minutes per side. Weight: 240g.

  Sony M9   $49.95

  Small and very good looking, Sony’s latest offering scored most for its appearance. Sounds clear, but there is slight machine noise. The big control buttons are a great improvement on some of the complicated little controls on other tape-recorders. It doesn’t switch off automatically, but a red light shows if the machine is still running.

  Tape length: 60minutes per side. Weight: 195g.

  Sony M400  $115

  Lots of little control buttons that make a noise are difficult to use. Recording is good but machine noise loses points. Tape counter and automatic switch-off when tape has finished recording or rewinding are useful.

  Tape length: 60 minutes per side. Weight: 230g.

  Imperial OEM MC7  $ 29.95

  Cheap and simple compared with the rest, but recording is good as long as there is no background noise. Use only its own-make of cassette. No light to show it is on; no fast-forward button and the record button makes a loud noise.

  Tape length: 30 minutes per side. Weight: 285g.

  Philips 585  $80

  Handsome and simple to use, but recording is very poor at more than the recommended distance of 5 cm-designed for dictation. No recording light.

  Tape length: 15 minutes per side. Weight: 220g.

64. The machine that produces the best recording with the least unwanted noise is __.

   A. Pearlcorder S 702     B. Sony M9

   C. Sony M400          D. Imperial OEM MC7

65. If you want a machine which turns off automatically and weighs very little you should choose _____.

   A. Pearlcorder S 702     B. Sony M9

   C. Sony M400          D. Philips 585

66. Which of the following allows you to record longest but costs you least?

   A. Philips 585          B. Imperial OEM MC7

   C. Sony M400          D. Sony M9

67. What disadvantage does only the Imperial OEM MC7 have?

   A. No light shows when it is on.

   B. It requires a special cassette.

   C. It picks up background noise.

   D. The record button makes a noise.

D

   The US Department of Labor statistics show that there is an oversupply of college trained workers and that this oversupply is increasing. Already there have been more than enough, teachers, engineers, physicists, aerospace experts, and other specialists. Yet colleges and graduate schools continue every year to turn out highly trained people to compete for jobs that aren’t there. The result is that graduates cannot enter the professions for which they were trained and must take temporary jobs which do not require a college degree.

   On the other hand, there is a great need for skilled workers of all sports: carpenters, electricians, mechanics, plumbers, TV repairmen. These people have more work than they can deal with, and their annual incomes are often higher than those of college graduates. The old gap that white-collar workers make a better living than blue collar workers no longer holds true. The law of supply and demand now favors the skilled workmen.

   The reason for this situation is the traditional myth that College degree is a passport to a prosperous future. A large part of American society matches success in life equally with a college degree. Parents begin indoctrinating(灌輸) their children with this myth before they are out of grade school. High school teachers play their part by acting as if high school education were a preparation for college rather than for life. Under this pressure the kids fall in line. Whether they want to go to college or not doesn’t matter. Everybody should go to college, so of course they must go. And every year college enrollments(入學(xué)) go up and up, and more and more graduates are overeducated for the kinds of jobs available to them.

   One result of this emphasis on a college education is that many people go to college who do not belong there. Of the sixty percent of high school graduates who enter college, half of them do not graduate with their class. Many of them drop out within the first year. Some struggle on for two or three years and then give up.

68. It’s implied but not stated in the passage that _______.

   A. many other countries are facing the some problem

   B. white-collar workers in the US used to make more money than blue-collar workers

   C. fewer students will prefer to go to college in the future

   D. the law of supply and demand has a strong effect on American higher education

69. Which of the following is NOT a reason why college enrollments go up every year?

   A. Many believe the only way to success is a college education.

   B. Many parents want their children ? to go to college.

   C. High school teachers urge their students to go to college.

   D. Every young man and woman wants to go to college.

70. By saying that “many people go to college who do not belong there”, the author means that ______.

   A. many people unfit for college education go to college

   B. many people without enough money go to college

   C. many people going to college drop out within the first year

   D. many people going to college have their hopes destroyed

71. We can infer from the passage that the author believe that ______.

   A. every young man and woman should go to college

   B. college education is a bad thing

   C. people with a college education should receive higher pay

   D. fewer people should go to college while more should be trained for skilled jobs

E

   Anxiety is the appropriate emotion when the immediate personal terror ? of a volcano, an arrow, a stab(刺傷) in the back and other disasters ? is directed against one’s self-disappears.

   The kind of world that produces anxiety is actually a world of relative safety, a world in which no one feels that he himself is facing sudden death. The anxiety exists as an uneasy state of mind, in which one has a feeling that something unspecified(不具體的) an indeterminable may go wrong. If the world seems to be going well, this produces anxiety―for good times may end. If the world is going badly―it may get worse. Anxiety tends to be without focus; the anxious person doesn’t know whether to blame himself or other people. He isn’t sure whether it is the change in climate or the atom bomb that is to blame for this unclear sense of unease.

   It is clear that we have developed a society which depends on having the right amount of anxiety to make it work. While we agree that too much anxiety is harmful to mental health, we have come to rely on anxiety to push us into seeing a doctor about a symptom (癥狀) which may indicate cancer, into checking up on that old life-insurance policy which may have out-of-date provisions in it, into having a conference with Billy’s teacher even though his report card looks all right.

   People who are anxious enough keep their care insurance up, have the brakes checked, and don’t take a second drink when they have to drive. People who are too anxious either refuse to go into cars at all or drive so tensely that they help cause accidents. People who aren’t anxious enough take chance after chance, which increases the terrible accidents of the roads.

72. In the world that produces anxiety, _______.

   A. people have sudden uneasiness

   B. everything goes well

   C. people are clear about their life

   D. danger is almost everywhere

73. The author holds that ______.

   A. anxiety is a good thing

   B. anxiety is a symptom of mental illness

   C. some anxiety can lead to changes for the better

   D. no anxiety is bad for society

74. Accidents of the road tend to be caused by _______.

A. all those who are too anxious

B. all those who have anxiety

C. those who have no anxiety

D. those who are not anxious enough

75. The best title for the passage would be _______.

A. Anxiety

B. The Right Amount of Anxiety

C. Anxiety vs Safety

D. Different Attitudes to Anxiety

V. 短文改錯(cuò)

Deal Paul,

How is everything? I’m writing to tell you about                

the race be held next Tuesday. You are one                         76. _____

of the ten runner in your class in the race, and you                   77. _____

need to be at school gate by 1:30 pm that day. The                   78. _____

race began at 1:40. All racers will start from the gate. Then            79. _____

turn right and run along Zhongshan Road till you see the              80. _____

traffic lights there you’ll turn right again and keep running             81. _____

along Guang’an Street till you will come to the Post Office.            82. _____

There turn right, go on to the bank of the river, crossing the bridge      83. _____

and take a left turn. Finally, they are to reach the finish line.           84. _____

By the way, if you want much information, please let me know.         85. _____

VI. 書(shū)面表達(dá)

   高三學(xué)生面臨著沉重的學(xué)習(xí)壓力，很多學(xué)生利用課間十分鐘的休息時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí),實(shí)際上沒(méi)有什么效果。假如你是新華中學(xué)高三年級(jí)的學(xué)生李越，就此現(xiàn)象給中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)報(bào)寫(xiě)封信，發(fā)表自己的看法。信的內(nèi)容須包括以下要點(diǎn)：

   1．十分鐘的課間休息很有必要（說(shuō)明理由）；

   2．你是怎樣利用這十分鐘的。

   注意：1、詞數(shù)100-200； 2、信的開(kāi)頭已經(jīng)給出（不計(jì)入總數(shù)）。

Dear editor,

   I’m a Senior 3 student from Xinhua Middle School. ________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answers:

BDCAA   BCCAA   ABBAC  CDBAA

21-25 BBACD  26-30 CDADA  31-35 BDCDB

36-40 ADADC  41-45 BACBA  46-50 CDBAD  51-55 BCADC

56-59 BDBC    60-63 CBDA   64-67 ACDB   68-71 BDAD   72-75 BCDA

76. be 前加 to  

77. runner--- runners

78. at 后加 the

79. began --- begins

80. 對(duì)

81．there --- where

82. 去掉 will

83. crossing --- cross

84. they --- you

85. much --- more

Dear editor,

   I’m a Senior 3 student from Xinhua Middle School. As is known to all, senior 3 students are suffering heavy pressure of study. As a result, many students are trying to spare every minute to study, even during the ten-minute break between classes.

   In my opinion, taking the ten-minute break between classes is definitely necessary, which makes us relaxed both physically and mentally. The ten-minute break is menat for us to relax and prepare for the next class. Only by doing so can we have more energy to study effectively in class.

   My ten-minute break is always pleasing as well as relaxing. Sometimes I do some simple exercises. Sometimes I have a free chat with my classmates or just take walk outside. Therefore, I always feel energetic and listen attentively in class.

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黑龍江省哈爾濱市第六中學(xué)2009屆高三第一次模擬考試

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黑龍江省哈爾濱市第六中學(xué)2009屆高三第一次模擬考試

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黑龍江省哈爾濱市第六中學(xué)2009屆高三第一次模擬考試

數(shù)學(xué)理科試卷

本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ 卷(非選擇題)兩部分，滿分150分，考試用時(shí)120分鐘；

第Ⅰ卷（選擇題  滿分60分）

試題詳情

黑龍江省哈爾濱市第六中學(xué)2009屆高三第一次模擬考試

數(shù)學(xué)文科試卷

本試卷分第Ⅰ卷(選擇題)和第Ⅱ 卷(非選擇題)兩部分，滿分150分，考試用時(shí)120分鐘；

第Ⅰ卷（選擇題  滿分60分）

試題詳情

專題四 電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)是高考實(shí)驗(yàn)考查的重點(diǎn)、熱點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。試題注重聯(lián)系實(shí)驗(yàn)操作的考查，如測(cè)量?jī)x器的讀數(shù)問(wèn)題、實(shí)驗(yàn)線路的連線問(wèn)題、電表和其他用電器的選擇問(wèn)題都是實(shí)驗(yàn)操作的仿真模擬，需要考生具備良好的動(dòng)手實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。試題還注重實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的處理分析，如根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)畫(huà)出圖線，根據(jù)圖線分析得出結(jié)論�！霸O(shè)計(jì)和完成實(shí)驗(yàn)的能力”在理科綜合《考試說(shuō)明》中指出的五個(gè)考試目標(biāo)之一。是近幾年高考物理實(shí)驗(yàn)題的命題趨向。

完整的設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，要經(jīng)歷多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，在實(shí)際考查中，一般不會(huì)考查全部環(huán)節(jié)，而是只考查其中的幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，有的題目給出條件和實(shí)驗(yàn)器材，要求闡述實(shí)驗(yàn)原理；有的給出實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖，要求領(lǐng)會(huì)實(shí)驗(yàn)原理，確定需測(cè)物理量及計(jì)算公式；有的則要求考生根據(jù)操作步驟及測(cè)定的物理量判斷出實(shí)驗(yàn)原理……雖然考查方式不盡相同，但目前高考中幾乎所有的設(shè)計(jì)型實(shí)驗(yàn)題都有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，都以不同方式或多或少的對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)原理作一定的提示，在給出實(shí)驗(yàn)器材的前提下進(jìn)行考查。

由于考查環(huán)節(jié)和要求的不同，題型也不盡相同，但較多的是選擇、填空、作圖題。

在復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)程中，應(yīng)對(duì)所學(xué)電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)逐個(gè)理解實(shí)驗(yàn)原理、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法，比較不同實(shí)驗(yàn)的異同（如電路圖、滑動(dòng)變阻器和電表的連接）。不斷充實(shí)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和方法，逐步達(dá)到能靈活運(yùn)用已學(xué)知識(shí)解答新的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)型實(shí)驗(yàn)題目要明確實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵在于實(shí)驗(yàn)原理的設(shè)計(jì)，它是進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)的依據(jù)和起點(diǎn)，它決定了應(yīng)選用（或還需）哪些實(shí)驗(yàn)器材，應(yīng)測(cè)量哪些物理量，如何編排實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟。而實(shí)驗(yàn)原理的設(shè)計(jì)又往往依賴于所提供的實(shí)驗(yàn)器材（條件）和實(shí)驗(yàn)要求，它們相輔相成，互為條件。

（一）電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中所用到的基本知識(shí)

在近年的電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，電阻的測(cè)量（包括變形如電表內(nèi)阻的測(cè)量）、測(cè)電源的電動(dòng)勢(shì)與內(nèi)電阻是考查頻率較高的實(shí)驗(yàn)。它們所用到的原理公式為：。由此可見(jiàn)，對(duì)于電路中電壓U及電流I的測(cè)量是實(shí)驗(yàn)的關(guān)鍵所在，但這兩個(gè)量的直接測(cè)量和間接測(cè)量的方法卻多種多樣，在此往往也是高考試題的著力點(diǎn)之處。因此復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)熟練掌握基本實(shí)驗(yàn)知識(shí)及方法，做到以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。

1．電路設(shè)計(jì)原則：正確地選擇儀器和設(shè)計(jì)電路的問(wèn)題，有一定的靈活性，解決時(shí)應(yīng)掌握和遵循一些基本的原則，即“安全性”、“方便性”、“精確性”原則，兼顧“誤差小”、“儀器少”、“耗電少”等各方面因素綜合考慮，靈活運(yùn)用。

⑴正確性：實(shí)驗(yàn)原理所依據(jù)的原理應(yīng)當(dāng)符合物理學(xué)的基本原理。

⑵安全性：實(shí)驗(yàn)方案的實(shí)施要安全可靠，實(shí)施過(guò)程中不應(yīng)對(duì)儀器及人身造成危害。要注意到各種電表均有量程、電阻均有最大允許電流和最大功率，電源也有最大允許電流，不能燒壞儀器。

⑶方便性：實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)當(dāng)便于操作，便于讀數(shù)，便于進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。

⑷精確性：在實(shí)驗(yàn)方案、儀器、儀器量程的選擇上，應(yīng)使實(shí)驗(yàn)誤差盡可能的小。

2．電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器的選擇：

⑴根據(jù)不使電表受損和盡量減少誤差的原則選擇電表。首先保證流過(guò)電流表的電流和加在電壓表上的電壓均不超過(guò)使用量程，然后合理選擇量程，務(wù)必使指針有較大偏轉(zhuǎn)（一般要大于滿偏度的1/3），以減少測(cè)讀誤差。

⑵根據(jù)電路中可能出現(xiàn)的電流或電壓范圍選擇滑動(dòng)變阻器，注意流過(guò)滑動(dòng)變阻器的電流不超過(guò)它的額定值，對(duì)大阻值的變阻器，如果是滑動(dòng)頭稍有移動(dòng)，使電流、電壓有很大變化的，不宜采用。

⑶應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的基本要求來(lái)選擇儀器，對(duì)于這種情況，只有熟悉實(shí)驗(yàn)原理，才能作出恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇�？傊�，最優(yōu)選擇的原則是：方法誤差盡可能�。婚g接測(cè)定值盡可能有較多的有效數(shù)字位數(shù)，直接測(cè)定值的測(cè)量使誤差盡可能小，且不超過(guò)儀表的量程；實(shí)現(xiàn)較大范圍的靈敏調(diào)節(jié)；在大功率裝置（電路）中盡可能節(jié)省能量；在小功率電路里，在不超過(guò)用電器額定值的前提下，適當(dāng)提高電流、電壓值，以提高測(cè)試的準(zhǔn)確度。

3．測(cè)量電路的選擇

⑴電流表的內(nèi)、外接問(wèn)題：（甲）所示電路為電流表外接電路（簡(jiǎn)稱外接法）；（乙）所示電路為電流表內(nèi)接電路（簡(jiǎn)稱內(nèi)接法）。兩種接法的選擇可按下列方法進(jìn)行：

方法一：設(shè)電流表、電壓表內(nèi)阻分別為、，被測(cè)電阻為，則

當(dāng)<時(shí)，電壓表分流作用小，應(yīng)選用外接法

當(dāng)>時(shí)，電流表分壓作用小，應(yīng)選用內(nèi)接法

當(dāng)=時(shí)，電流表分壓作用和電壓表分流作用相差不大，兩種方法均可。

方法二：在、均不知的情況下，可采用試觸法。如圖所示，分別將a端與b、c接觸，如果前后兩次電流表示數(shù)比電壓表示數(shù)變化明顯，說(shuō)明電壓表分流作用大，應(yīng)采用內(nèi)接法；如果前后兩次電壓表示數(shù)比電流表示數(shù)變化明顯，說(shuō)明電流表分壓作用大，應(yīng)采用外接法。

⑵滑動(dòng)變阻器的分壓、限流接法：

為了改變測(cè)量電路（待測(cè)電阻）兩端的電壓（或通過(guò)測(cè)量電路的電流），常使滑動(dòng)變阻器與電源連接作為控制電路，滑動(dòng)變阻器在電路中主要有兩種連接方式：如圖（甲）為滑動(dòng)變阻器的限流式接法，為待測(cè)電阻。它的接線方式是電源、滑動(dòng)變阻器與待測(cè)電阻三者串聯(lián)。對(duì)待測(cè)電阻供電電壓的最大調(diào)節(jié)范圍是：(是待測(cè)電阻，R是滑動(dòng)變阻器的總電阻，不計(jì)電源內(nèi)阻)。如圖（乙）是滑動(dòng)變阻器的分壓式接法。接線方式是電源與滑動(dòng)變阻器組成閉合電路，而被測(cè)電路與滑動(dòng)變阻器的一部分電阻并聯(lián)，該接法對(duì)待測(cè)電阻供電電壓的調(diào)節(jié)范圍是：（不計(jì)電源內(nèi)阻時(shí)）。

選取接法的原則：

①要求負(fù)載上電壓或電流變化范圍大，且從零開(kāi)始連續(xù)可調(diào)，須用分壓式接法。

②負(fù)載電阻Rx遠(yuǎn)大于滑動(dòng)變阻器總電阻R時(shí)，須用分壓式接法，此時(shí)若采用限流式接法對(duì)電路基本起不到調(diào)節(jié)作用。

③采用限流電路時(shí)，電路中的最小電流（電壓）仍超過(guò)電流表的量程或超過(guò)用電器的額定電流（電壓）時(shí)，應(yīng)采用變阻器的分壓式接法。

④負(fù)載電阻的阻值Rx小于滑動(dòng)變阻器的總電阻R或相差不大，并且電壓表、電流表示數(shù)變化不要求從零開(kāi)始起調(diào)，可用限流式接法。

⑤兩種電路均可使用時(shí)應(yīng)優(yōu)先用限流式接法，因?yàn)橄蘖麟娐方Y(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，總功率較小。

滑動(dòng)變阻器的粗調(diào)和微調(diào)作用：

①在限流電路中，全電阻較大的變阻器起粗調(diào)作用，全電阻較小的變阻器起微調(diào)作用。

②在分壓電路中，全電阻較小的變阻器起粗調(diào)作用，全電阻較大的變阻器起微調(diào)作用。

4．實(shí)物圖的連接：實(shí)物圖連線應(yīng)掌握基本方法和注意事項(xiàng)。

⑴注意事項(xiàng)：

①連接電表應(yīng)注意量程選用正確，正、負(fù)接線柱不要接錯(cuò)。

②各導(dǎo)線都應(yīng)接在接線柱上，不應(yīng)在導(dǎo)線中間出現(xiàn)分叉。

③對(duì)于滑動(dòng)變阻器的連接，要搞清楚接入電路的是哪一部分電阻，在接線時(shí)要特別注意不能將線接到滑動(dòng)觸頭上。

⑵基本方法：

①畫(huà)出實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖。

②分析各元件連接方式，明確電流表與電壓表的量程。

③畫(huà)線連接各元件。(用鉛筆畫(huà)線，以便改錯(cuò))連線方式應(yīng)是單線連接，連線順序應(yīng)先畫(huà)串聯(lián)電路，再畫(huà)并聯(lián)電路。

    一般先從電源正極開(kāi)始，到電鍵，再到滑動(dòng)變阻器等。按順序以單線連接方式將干路中要串聯(lián)的元件依次串聯(lián)起來(lái)；然后連接支路將要并聯(lián)的元件再并聯(lián)到電路中去。連接完畢，應(yīng)進(jìn)行檢查，檢查電路也應(yīng)按照連線的方法和順序。

（二）定值電阻的測(cè)量方法

1．歐姆表測(cè)量：最直接測(cè)電阻的儀表。但是一般用歐姆表測(cè)量只能進(jìn)行粗測(cè)，為下一步的測(cè)量提供一個(gè)參考依據(jù)。用歐姆表可以測(cè)量白熾燈泡的冷電阻。

2．替代法：替代法的測(cè)量思路是等效的思想，可以是利用電流等效、也可以是利用電壓等效。替代法測(cè)量電阻精度高，不需要計(jì)算，方法簡(jiǎn)單，但必須有可調(diào)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電阻（一般給定的儀器中要有電阻箱）。

【例題】在某校開(kāi)展的科技活動(dòng)中，為了要測(cè)出一個(gè)未知電阻的阻值Rx，現(xiàn)有如下器材：讀數(shù)不準(zhǔn)的電流表A、定值電阻R₀、電阻箱R₁、滑動(dòng)變阻器R₂、單刀單擲開(kāi)關(guān)S₁、單刀雙擲開(kāi)關(guān)S₂、電源和導(dǎo)線。

⑴畫(huà)出實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖，并在圖上標(biāo)出你所選用器材的代碼。

⑵寫(xiě)出主要的實(shí)驗(yàn)操作步驟。

【解析】⑴實(shí)驗(yàn)電路如右圖所示。

⑵①將S₂與Rx相接，記下電流表指針?biāo)�指位置。②將S₂與R₁相接，保持R₂不變，調(diào)節(jié)R₁的阻值，使電流表的指針指在原位置上，記下R₁的值，則Rx＝R₁。

3．伏安法：伏安法的測(cè)量依據(jù)是歐姆定律（包括部分電路歐姆定律和全電路歐姆定律），需要的基本測(cè)量?jī)x器是電壓表和電流表，當(dāng)只有一個(gè)電表（或給定的電表不能滿足要求時(shí)），可以用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電阻（電阻箱或一個(gè)定值電阻）代替；當(dāng)電表的內(nèi)阻已知時(shí)，根據(jù)歐姆定律I=U/R電壓表同時(shí)可以當(dāng)電流表使用，同樣電流表也可以當(dāng)電壓表用。

4．伏安法拓展：某些問(wèn)題中，因?qū)嶒?yàn)器材不具備（缺電流表或電壓表），或因?qū)嶒?yàn)條件限制，或因?qū)嶒?yàn)精度不允許而不能用“伏安法”。這時(shí)我們就得依據(jù)問(wèn)題的具體條件和要求重新選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)原理，用“伏安法”的替代形式――“比較法”來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)方案。

⑴利用已知內(nèi)阻的電壓表:利用“伏伏”法測(cè)定值電阻的阻值

【例題】用以下器材測(cè)量一待測(cè)電阻Rx的阻值（900～1000Ω）：

電源E，具有一定內(nèi)阻，電動(dòng)勢(shì)約為9.0V；

電壓表V₁，量程為1.5V，內(nèi)阻r₁＝750Ω；

電壓表V₂，量程為5V，內(nèi)阻r₂＝2500Ω；

滑動(dòng)變阻器R，最大阻值約為100Ω；

單刀單擲開(kāi)關(guān)K，導(dǎo)線若干。

測(cè)量中要求電壓表的讀數(shù)不小于其量程的1/3，試畫(huà)出測(cè)量電阻Rx的一種實(shí)驗(yàn)電路原理圖。

【解析】如圖所示

⑵利用已知內(nèi)阻的電流表：利用“安安”法測(cè)定值電阻的阻值

【例題】用以下器材測(cè)量一待測(cè)電阻的阻值。器材（代號(hào)）與規(guī)格如下：

電流表A₁（量程250mA,內(nèi)阻r₁為5Ω)；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電流表A₂（量程300mA,內(nèi)阻r₂約為5Ω）；

待測(cè)電阻R₁（阻值約為100Ω）；滑動(dòng)變阻器R₂（最大阻值10Ω）；

電源E（電動(dòng)勢(shì)約為10V，內(nèi)阻r 約為1Ω）；單刀單擲開(kāi)關(guān)S，導(dǎo)線若干。

⑴要求方法簡(jiǎn)捷，并能測(cè)多組數(shù)據(jù)，畫(huà)出實(shí)驗(yàn)電路原理圖，并標(biāo)明每個(gè)器材的代號(hào).

⑵需要直接測(cè)量的物理量是_______,用測(cè)的量表示待測(cè)電阻R₁的計(jì)算公式是R₁＝________。

【解析】⑴實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖如圖所示。

⑵兩電流表A₁、 A₂的讀數(shù)為I₁、I₂和電流表A₁的內(nèi)阻為r₁，待測(cè)電阻R₁的阻值的計(jì)算公式是：

⑶電壓表、電流表混合用

【例題】有一電阻R_x，其阻值在100～200Ω之間，額定功率為0.25W。要用伏安法較準(zhǔn)確地測(cè)量它的阻值，實(shí)驗(yàn)器材有：

安培表A₁，量程為50mA，R_A1=100Ω

安培表A₂，量程為1A，R_A2=20Ω

電壓表V₁，量程為5V，R_V1=10kΩ

電壓表V₂，量程為15V， R_V2=30kΩ 

變阻器R₁，變阻范圍0～20Ω ，2A

變阻器R₂，變阻范圍0～1000Ω，1A

9V電源，電鍵，導(dǎo)線。

⑴實(shí)驗(yàn)中應(yīng)選用的電流表、電壓表、變阻器分別是：                                。   

⑵畫(huà)出所用實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖。

【解析】⑴允許通過(guò)電阻中電流可能的最大值由：得，。因?yàn)殡娮杩赡転?00Ω，所以通過(guò)被測(cè)電阻的電流的最大值可能是35mA，應(yīng)用電流表的示數(shù)來(lái)控制通過(guò)電阻的電流，因此，電流表應(yīng)選A₁。又因?yàn)?sub>,所以 。因?yàn)殡娮杩赡転?00Ω，所以允許加在電阻兩端的電壓的最大值可能是5V，應(yīng)用電壓表的示數(shù)來(lái)控制加在電阻兩端的電壓，因此電壓表應(yīng)選V₁。因?yàn)镽₁＜ R₂,且2A＞35mA, 所以應(yīng)選變阻器R₁。因?yàn)镽₁＜R_x 所以滑動(dòng)變阻器連接方式應(yīng)選用分壓電路。因?yàn)?sub><,  所以應(yīng)選用外接電路。

⑵實(shí)驗(yàn)所用電路如圖所示

【變式題】（2006年廣東）某同學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)如圖甲所示的實(shí)驗(yàn)電路，用以測(cè)定電源電動(dòng)勢(shì)和內(nèi)阻，使用的實(shí)驗(yàn)器材為：待測(cè)干電池組（電動(dòng)勢(shì)約3 V）、電流表（量程0.6 A，內(nèi)阻小于1 Ω）、電阻箱（0～99.99 Ω）、滑動(dòng)變阻器（0～10 Ω）、單刀雙擲開(kāi)關(guān)、單刀單擲開(kāi)關(guān)各一個(gè)及導(dǎo)線若干。考慮到干電池的內(nèi)阻較小，電流表的內(nèi)阻不能忽略。

⑴該同學(xué)按圖甲連線，通過(guò)控制開(kāi)關(guān)狀態(tài)，測(cè)得電流表內(nèi)阻約為0.20 Ω。試分析該測(cè)量產(chǎn)生誤差的原因是_________________________________________。

⑵簡(jiǎn)要寫(xiě)出利用圖甲所示電路測(cè)量電源電動(dòng)勢(shì)和內(nèi)阻的實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟：

①_____________________________________________________________________        ；

②______________________________________________________________________       ；

⑶圖乙是由實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)繪出的圖象，由此求出待測(cè)干電池組的電動(dòng)勢(shì)E＝______V、內(nèi)阻

r＝______  Ω。（計(jì)算結(jié)果保留三位有效數(shù)字）

【解析】由測(cè)定電源電動(dòng)勢(shì)和內(nèi)阻實(shí)驗(yàn)的原理知，此種接法出現(xiàn)誤差的原因是電流表的分壓作用。而，圖線的斜率表示電源電動(dòng)勢(shì)的倒數(shù)，據(jù)此得出電動(dòng)勢(shì)E＝2.81V, 內(nèi) 阻

 r＝2.33Ω。若不能正確理解圖象的物理意義，則無(wú)法得出正確的答案。因此對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)中處理數(shù)據(jù)的圖像的意義，一定要分析清楚。

【答案】⑴并聯(lián)電阻箱后線路總阻值減小，從而造成總電流增大                          

⑵ ①調(diào)節(jié)電阻箱R，斷開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)K，將開(kāi)關(guān) S接D，記錄電阻箱的阻值和電流表示數(shù)；

②斷開(kāi)開(kāi)關(guān)D，再次調(diào)節(jié)電阻箱R，將開(kāi)關(guān)S接D，記錄電阻箱的阻值和電流表示數(shù)

⑶ 2.81、2.33

（三）電表內(nèi)阻的測(cè)量方法

1．互測(cè)法：

⑴電流表、電壓表各一只，可以測(cè)量它們的內(nèi)阻：

⑵兩只同種電表，若知道一只的內(nèi)阻，就可以測(cè)另一只的內(nèi)阻：

⑶兩只同種電表內(nèi)阻都未知，則需要一只電阻箱才能測(cè)定電表的內(nèi)阻：

2．替代法：

3．半偏法：

4.閉合電路歐姆定律計(jì)算法：(不計(jì)電源內(nèi)阻)

【例題1】（2000年全國(guó)）從下表中選出適當(dāng)?shù)膶?shí)驗(yàn)器材，設(shè)計(jì)一電路來(lái)測(cè)量電流表A₁的內(nèi)阻r₁，要求方法簡(jiǎn)捷，有盡可能高的測(cè)量精度，并能測(cè)得多組數(shù)據(jù)。

⑴在虛線方框中畫(huà)出電路圖，標(biāo)明所用器材的代號(hào)。

器材（代號(hào)）

規(guī)    格

電流表（A₁）

量程10mA，內(nèi)阻r₁待測(cè)（約40Ω）

電流表（A₂）

量程500μA，內(nèi)阻r₂=750Ω

電壓表（V）

量程10V，內(nèi)阻r₃=10Ω

電阻（R₁）

阻值約100Ω，作保護(hù)電阻用

滑動(dòng)變阻器（R）

總阻值約50Ω

電池（E）

電動(dòng)勢(shì)1.5V，內(nèi)阻很小

導(dǎo)線若干，電鍵K

⑵若選測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)中的一組來(lái)計(jì)算r₁，則所用的表達(dá)式為r₁=____________，式中各符號(hào)的意義是____________。

【解析】⑴如圖所示。　　

⑵，I₁表示通過(guò)電流表A₁的電流，I₂表示通過(guò)電流表A₂的電流，

r₂表示電流表A₂的內(nèi)阻。

【備考提示】在很多情況下，電壓表和電流表（已知內(nèi)阻）的功用可以互換。有時(shí)利用一塊電表配合定值電阻也可以完成功能的互換。實(shí)際上就是部分電路歐姆定律的變形運(yùn)用。在處理時(shí)，一定要明確原理，靈活運(yùn)用。

【例題2】（2006年全國(guó)Ⅰ、Ⅲ）現(xiàn)要測(cè)量某一電壓表   的內(nèi)阻。給定的器材有：待測(cè)電壓表   （量程2V，內(nèi)阻約4kΩ）；電流表   （量程1.2mA，內(nèi)阻約500Ω）；直流電源E（電動(dòng)勢(shì)約2.4V，內(nèi)阻不計(jì)）；固定電阻3個(gè)：R₁=4000Ω，R₂=10000Ω，R₃=15000Ω；電鍵S及導(dǎo)線若干。要求測(cè)量時(shí)兩電表指針偏轉(zhuǎn)均超過(guò)其量程的一半。

⑴試從3個(gè)固定電阻中選用1個(gè)，與其它器材一起組成測(cè)量電路，并在虛線框內(nèi)畫(huà)出測(cè)量電路的原理圖。（要求電路中各器材用題中給定的符號(hào)標(biāo)出。）

⑵電路接通后，若電壓表讀數(shù)為U，電流表讀數(shù)為I，則電壓表內(nèi)阻R_V =_________。

【解析】⑴實(shí)驗(yàn)電路如圖所示，若選用電阻R₁，則并聯(lián)電阻＝2000Ω，電壓表讀數(shù)

U＝?R＝×2000＝1.92＞1V，電流表讀數(shù)I＝＝＝0.00096A＝0.96mA＞0.6mA，R₁符合要求，同理可得R₂、R₃不符合要求，故選R₁。

⑵電路接通后，通過(guò)R₁的電流I₁＝，則通過(guò)電壓表的電流為I₂＝I－I₁＝I－，所以電壓表的內(nèi)阻R_V＝＝

【備考提示】本題涉及實(shí)驗(yàn)器材選取和電路設(shè)計(jì)等，對(duì)考生的分析綜合能力提出了較高要求，解答此類試題必須根據(jù)測(cè)量要求和所提供的器材，由儀表的選擇原則和基本規(guī)律為分析的入手點(diǎn)。

【變式題】

1．（2006年全國(guó)Ⅱ）現(xiàn)要測(cè)定一個(gè)額定電壓4V、額定功率1.6W的小燈泡（圖中用×表示）的伏安特性曲線。要求所測(cè)電壓范圍為0.1V～4V。

現(xiàn)有器材：直流電源E（電動(dòng)勢(shì)4.5V，內(nèi)阻不計(jì)），電壓表    （量程4.5V，內(nèi)阻約為4×10⁴Ω），電流表   （量程250mA，內(nèi)阻約為2Ω），電流表   （量程500mA，內(nèi)阻約為1Ω），滑動(dòng)變阻器R（最大阻值約為30Ω），電鍵S，導(dǎo)線若干。

如果既要滿足測(cè)量要求，又要測(cè)量誤差較小，應(yīng)該選用的電流表是          ，下面兩個(gè)電路應(yīng)該選用的是                。

【解析】在測(cè)量小燈泡的伏安曲線時(shí)，由于題目要求電壓范圍為0.1V～4V，因此滑動(dòng)變阻器采用分壓式接法。根據(jù)估算通過(guò)小燈泡的額定電流為I=0.4A，因此電流表應(yīng)該選用    。在伏安法測(cè)量過(guò)程中，由于

臨界電阻大于小燈泡電阻，因此應(yīng)該選擇電流表外接法即選擇甲電路進(jìn)行測(cè)量。

2．（2006年北京）某同學(xué)用如圖所示電路，測(cè)繪標(biāo)有“3.8 V,0.3 V”的小燈泡的燈絲電阻R隨電壓U變化的圖象。

①除了導(dǎo)線和開(kāi)關(guān)外，有以下一些器材可供選擇：
電流表：A ₁(量程100 mA,內(nèi)阻約2Ω)
        A₂ (量程0.6 A,內(nèi)阻約0.3Ω)
電壓表：V₁(量程5 V,內(nèi)阻約5Ω)
        V₂(量程15 V,內(nèi)阻約15Ω)
電源：E₁(電動(dòng)勢(shì)為1.5 V，內(nèi)阻為0.2Ω)
      E₂(電動(dòng)勢(shì)為4 V，內(nèi)阻約為0.04Ω)
為了調(diào)節(jié)方便，測(cè)量準(zhǔn)確，實(shí)驗(yàn)中應(yīng)選用電流表___________，電壓表______________，滑動(dòng)變阻器________________，電源___________________。(填器材的符號(hào))
②根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)，計(jì)算并描繪出R-U的圖象如圖所示。由圖象可知，此燈泡在不工作時(shí)，燈絲電阻為_(kāi)__________；當(dāng)所加電壓為3.00 V時(shí)，燈絲電阻為_(kāi)___________，燈泡實(shí)際消耗的電功率為_(kāi)__________W。
　　　　　　　　　

③根據(jù)R-U圖象，可確定小燈泡耗電功率P與外加電壓U的關(guān)系，符合該關(guān)系的示意圖是下列圖中的__________。

【解析】①對(duì)器材的選用應(yīng)以安全、實(shí)用為原則。小燈泡的額定電壓和額定電流分別為3.8V和0.3A，故電壓表應(yīng)選V₁，電流表A₂；由于是分壓接法，故滑動(dòng)變阻器應(yīng)選R₁，便于調(diào)節(jié)，電源應(yīng)選E₂。②由圖象可看出：U＝0時(shí)，小燈泡不工作，對(duì)應(yīng)電阻為1.5Ω，當(dāng)U＝3.0V時(shí)，對(duì)應(yīng)的電阻為11.5Ω。此時(shí)，燈泡實(shí)際消耗的功率P＝＝0.78W。③由R－U圖線可看出，隨U的增大，電阻的變化越來(lái)越小，而P＝，隨U的變化，功率P的變化將更加明顯，故選A。

（四）一類借助圖像法處理的上海實(shí)驗(yàn)試題

近幾年的上海高考中，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一類需要借助圖像關(guān)系處理的實(shí)驗(yàn)題，該種題目處理技巧性強(qiáng)，并且要求能夠準(zhǔn)確理解圖像的物理意義，該類問(wèn)題對(duì)于山東的命題不無(wú)導(dǎo)向作用，備考時(shí)也應(yīng)引起足夠的重視。

【例題1】（2004年上海）兩個(gè)額定電壓為220V的白熾燈L₁和L₂的U ? I 特性曲線如圖所示。L₂的額定功率約為     W；現(xiàn)將L₁和L₂串聯(lián)后接在220V的電源上，電源內(nèi)阻忽略不計(jì)。此時(shí)L₂的實(shí)際功率約為      W。

【解析】99，17.5

【備考提示】本題借助于圖像信息，考查了用電器功率的計(jì)算以及用電器的串并聯(lián)關(guān)系，解答時(shí)充分挖掘圖像信息是解答的關(guān)鍵所在。同時(shí)要注意將L₁和L₂串聯(lián)后接在220V的電源上時(shí)，在圖像中的表達(dá)信息為：L₁和L₂在某一相同電流值下，電壓和為220V，很多學(xué)生不能找出該隱含條件，從而造成第二問(wèn)感到無(wú)從下手。

【例題2】（2004年上海）小燈泡燈絲的電阻會(huì)隨溫度的升高而變大。某同學(xué)為研究這一現(xiàn)象，用實(shí)驗(yàn)得到如下數(shù)據(jù)（I和U分別表示小燈泡上的電流和電壓）：

I ( A )

0.12

0.21

0.29

0.34

0.38

0.42

0.45

0.47

0.49

0.50

U (V )

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

⑴在左下框中畫(huà)出實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖。 可用的器材有：電壓表、電流表、滑線變阻器（變化范圍0 ― 10 Ω）、電源、小燈泡、電鍵、導(dǎo)線若干。

⑵在右圖中畫(huà)出小燈泡的U ? I 曲線。

⑶如果將本題中的小燈泡接在電動(dòng)勢(shì)是1.5V，內(nèi)阻是2.0 Ω的電池兩端，小燈泡的實(shí)際功率是多少？（簡(jiǎn)要寫(xiě)出求解過(guò)程；若需作圖，可直接畫(huà)在第⑵小題的方格圖中）

【解析】⑴分壓器接法（如下圖所示）。⑵如下圖所示。⑶作出電源的U＝E－Ir圖線，該圖線與小燈泡的U ? I 曲線相交于一點(diǎn)，由此可得小燈泡工作電流為0.35 A，工作電壓為0.80 V，實(shí)際功率為0.28 W。

【備考提示】《研究小燈泡的伏安特性曲線》是高考考綱中規(guī)定的學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)，對(duì)⑴⑵兩問(wèn)學(xué)生在實(shí)驗(yàn)復(fù)習(xí)中已基本掌握，而第⑶問(wèn)則對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的處理進(jìn)行了拓展、延伸，對(duì)小燈泡的實(shí)際功率無(wú)計(jì)算公式，只能在小燈泡的伏安特性曲線上畫(huà)出電池的U―I圖線，然后找出兩曲線的交點(diǎn)，從而確定此時(shí)燈泡的工作狀態(tài)，得到實(shí)際工作功率。這考查了學(xué)生對(duì)小燈泡的伏安特性曲線的理解和實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)處理的能力。同時(shí)也要深入理解圖線交點(diǎn)與電路工作狀態(tài)的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

【變式題】

1．（2003年上海）如圖所示，圖1為某一熱敏電阻(電阻值隨溫度的改變而改變，且對(duì)溫度很敏感)的I-U關(guān)系曲線圖。

⑴為了通過(guò)測(cè)量得到圖1所示I-U關(guān)系的完整曲線，在圖2和圖3兩個(gè)電路中應(yīng)選擇的是圖_____；簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明理由                                  。（設(shè)滑線變阻器兩端電壓恒為9V，滑線變阻器的阻值為0～100Ω）。

⑵在圖4電路中，電源電壓恒為9V，電流表讀數(shù)為70mA，定值電阻R₁=250Ω。由熱敏電阻的I-U關(guān)系曲線可知，熱敏電阻兩端的電壓為________V；電阻R₂的阻值為_____   _ Ω。

⑶舉出一個(gè)可以應(yīng)用熱敏電阻的例子：_________________________                   。

【解析】⑴2；圖2電路電壓可從0V調(diào)到所需電壓，調(diào)節(jié)范圍較大。（或圖3電路不能測(cè)得0V附近的數(shù)據(jù)） ⑵5.2；111.8（111.6－112.0均給分） ⑶熱敏溫度計(jì)（提出其他實(shí)例，只要合理均給分）

2．（2005年上海）右圖中圖線①表示某電池組的輸出電壓――電流關(guān)系，圖線②表示其輸出功率――電流關(guān)系。該電池組的內(nèi)阻為＿＿＿＿＿Ω。當(dāng)電池組的輸出功率為120W時(shí)，電池組的輸出電壓是＿＿＿＿＿V。

【解析】5，30

3．（2006年上海）表格中所列數(shù)據(jù)是測(cè)量小燈泡U―I關(guān)系的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)：

U/(V)

0.0

0.2

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

I/(A)

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.180

0.195

0.205

0.215

⑴分析上表內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可知，應(yīng)選用的實(shí)驗(yàn)電路圖是圖    （填“甲”或“乙”）

⑵在方格紙內(nèi)畫(huà)出小燈泡的U―I曲線。分析曲線可知小燈泡的電阻隨I變大而         （填“變大”、“變小”或“不變”）

⑶如圖丙所示，用一個(gè)定值電阻R和兩個(gè)上述小燈泡組成串并聯(lián)電路，連接到內(nèi)阻不計(jì)、電動(dòng)勢(shì)為3V的電源上。已知流過(guò)電阻R的電流是流過(guò)燈泡b電流的兩倍，則流過(guò)燈泡b的電流約為       A。

【解析】⑴由小燈泡 U―I關(guān)系的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)可得，電路中燈泡兩端的電壓可調(diào)為0，只有甲電路具有此功能，而乙圖的電路不具此功能。故確定實(shí)驗(yàn)電路為甲。

⑵U―I曲線如右圖所示，由所做出的U―I曲線知，曲線上各點(diǎn)與原點(diǎn)連線的斜率越來(lái)越大，說(shuō)明燈泡的電阻越來(lái)越大。

⑶設(shè)b中的電流為I，依題意知a中的電流為3I，由，，及，可估計(jì)。從曲線上得此時(shí)。

試題詳情

四川省樂(lè)山市高中2009屆第二次調(diào)查研究考試

文科綜合能力測(cè)試

本試卷分為第I卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（綜合題）兩部分。第1卷l―6頁(yè)，第Ⅱ卷7―14頁(yè)。共300分。

第I卷  （選擇題140分）

注意事項(xiàng)：

1．答第Ⅰ卷前，考生務(wù)必將自己的姓名、考生號(hào)、考試科目涂在答題卡上。

2．每小題選出答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑。如需改動(dòng)，用像皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標(biāo)號(hào)。不能答在試題卷上。

3．考試結(jié)束后，將題和答案一并交回。

試題詳情

陜西省寶雞市2009年高三教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)（二）

理科綜合能力試題

注意事項(xiàng)：

       1．本試題共300分�？荚嚂r(shí)間150分鐘

       2．考生一律將答案涂寫(xiě)在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上，不能答在試卷上。

       3．考試結(jié)束，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。

可能用到的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量：H 1  C 12  O 16  Na 23  Cu 64

試題詳情

絕密★啟用前                                                 試卷類型：A

2009年深圳市高三年級(jí)第二次調(diào)研考試

數(shù)學(xué)（理科）           2009.5

本試卷共6頁(yè)，21小題，滿分150分.考試用時(shí)120分鐘.

注意事項(xiàng)：

1．答卷前，考生首先檢查答題卡是否整潔無(wú)缺損，監(jiān)考教師分發(fā)的考生信息條形碼是否正確；之后務(wù)必用0.5毫米黑色字跡的簽字筆在答題卡指定位置填寫(xiě)自己的學(xué)校、姓名和考生號(hào)，同時(shí)，將監(jiān)考教師發(fā)放的條形碼正向準(zhǔn)確粘貼在答題卡的貼條形碼區(qū)，請(qǐng)保持條形碼整潔、不污損.

2．選擇題每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑，如需改動(dòng)，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其它答案，答案不能答在試卷上.不按要求填涂的，答案無(wú)效.

3．非選擇題必須用0.5毫米黑色字跡的簽字筆作答，答案必須寫(xiě)在答題卡各題目指定區(qū)域內(nèi)相應(yīng)位置上，請(qǐng)注意每題答題空間，預(yù)先合理安排；如需改動(dòng)，先劃掉原來(lái)的答案，然后再寫(xiě)上新的答案；不準(zhǔn)使用鉛筆和涂改液.不按以上要求作答的答案無(wú)效.

4．作答選做題時(shí)，請(qǐng)先用2B鉛筆填涂選做題的題號(hào)對(duì)應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)，再做答.漏涂、錯(cuò)涂、多涂的答案無(wú)效.

5．考生必須保持答題卡的整潔，考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡交回.

參考公式：

錐體的體積公式, 其中是錐體的底面積, 是錐體的高.

試題詳情

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)專題講座：

一、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have (has) + done

二、基本概念：

1.     過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作 或者存在的某個(gè)狀態(tài)，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或者結(jié)果；（這里的動(dòng)詞需要用結(jié)束性動(dòng)詞）

 He ______ (die).

          The war _______ (break) out.

2.     過(guò)去發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或存在的某個(gè)狀態(tài)，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或者結(jié)果。(這里的動(dòng)詞需要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)

          He ______ (be) a teacher for ten years.

          He _______ (be) a teacher since ten years ago.

          We _______ (work) at this school for 3 years.

試題詳情