Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

   Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.

   One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.

   The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.

   It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)

1.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?

2.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?

3.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation ___________________________.

4.From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ____________________________________ that make(s) an organization more successful.

Read the following passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

The library is one of the most popular places at a Western university. Students turn to it for research, conversations about class, and many other services.

Compared with Chinese libraries, college libraries in the US and UK tend to offer more resources. A graduate student at Yale University can borrow as many as 225 books at a time.

In addition to borrowing books, there are online and electronic resources. These include a database (數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)) search of popular and academic material, such as LexisNexis Academic, which offers items from newspapers and magazines.

Although books and articles are the items that students ask for most frequently, some libraries provide video recordings. At some schools, teachers and tutors put electronic copies of their teaching PPTs on the library Web to give easier access for students.

Another useful service in Western college libraries is the Interlibrary Loan. This allows a student at one school to borrow books from another school. The loan request is made through the student’s college library, which gets the book, gives it to the user, and arranges for its return.

Technology has made libraries more attractive. Some universities have services for students to send messages through the computer.

Earlier this year, Harvard University introduced a new Scan and Deliver service, allowing students to make requests for parts of books and articles. Requests made through the system are handled by library staff. The student receives an e-mail with an Internet link to the scanned pages. The service is free and all material comes within four days.

It used to be that libraries didn’t allow food or drinks. But that rule is changing and many of them now contain a café so students can spend as much time as they want in the library.

Additionally, some US university libraries are now all-night affairs, or have at least one study room open all night.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

1.In comparison with Chinese libraries, college libraries in the US and UK not only_________________.

2.According to Paragraph 4 and 5, what are the two useful services for students in Western College libraries?

3.The purpose of Harvard University’s introducing a new Scan and Deliver service is to let __________________.

4.What have some US university libraries done for a change?

Section D

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

Phys ed (physical education) is making a comeback as a part of the school core curriculum(核心課程)， but with a difference. While group sports are still part of the curriculum, the new way is to teach skills that are useful beyond gym class. Instead of learning how to climb a rope, children are taught to lift weights, balance their diets and build physical endurance. In this way，kids are given the tools and skills and experiences so they can lead a physically active life the rest of their life.

Considering that 15 percent of American children 6 to 18 are overweight, supporters say more money and thought must be put into phys ed curriculum. In many cases, that may mean not just replacing the old gym-class model with fitness programs but also starting up phys ed programs because school boards often "put P.E. on the chopping block, cutting it entirely or decreasing its teachers or the days it is offered," says Alicia Moag-Stahlberg, the executive director of Action for Health Kids. The difference in phys ed programs is partly due to the lack of a national standard. "Physical education needs to be part of the core curriculum," she added.

The wisdom of the new approach has some scientific support. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin have demonstrated how effective the fit-for-life model of gym class can be. They observed how 50 overweight children lost more weight when they cycled and skied cross-country than when they played sports. The researchers also found that teaching sports like football resulted in less overall movement, partly because reluctant students were able to sit on the bench.

Another problem with simply teaching group sports in gym class is that only a tiny percentage of students continue playing them after graduating from high school. The new method teaches sells that translate to adulthood.

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)

81. In the new P.E. program, children learn to lift weights, balance their diets and build physical endurance rather than ___________________.

____________________________________________________________________________

82. As for P.E., some school boards either ____________.

____________________________________________________________________________

83. What are the two problems with simply teaching group sports?

____________________________________________________________________________

84. What is the long-term benefit of the new P.E program?

____________________________________________________________________________

Here are two letters from our readers expressing their concern about school assessment:

(1)

Students should be allowed to study without worrying about grades. Fortunately, most educators realize that students have different interests and abilities. However, grade?based assessment(評(píng)價(jià)) is still very common.Grades often hold back creativity. Competing for better grades causes many students to turn down opportunities to go in for music,drama and sports.Grades are also an unfair measure of a student’s ability. I do not demand,as some extremists do,that grades should no longer be recorded.However,I do ?believe? that less importance should be placed on grades.I hope that someday grades will become optional(可要可不要) at Village High School.

?Magdalena Smith, President,

?Drama Club?

(2)

Let’s face the facts about grades.Grades perform three basic functions.First,grades get students to work at their highest level of competence.Second,they act as an encouragement for hardworking students and as a warning to those who are not.Finally,grades are an effective standard by which to measure students achievement.Good grades help students to get jobs and to get into university.I’ve spoken with a number of students who have jobs,and most of them say that they were hired mainly because of their grades.My grades helped me get a part?time job and will help me get into university next year.I think grades are extremely important at Village High School.

?Simon Harper, Member,

?Science Club

Simon Harper writes from the viewpoint of someone who _______.

A. insists grades should become optional in the near future

B. believes in the advantages of assessment based on grades

C. is concerned about improving students creativity

D. supports using students interests to measure their abilities

Magdalena Smith thinks it is important for _______.

A. educators to assess the students by grades

B. educators to pay more attention to grades

C. students to compete for better grades

D. students to take part in music, drama, and sports

According to the letters, which of the following is true about Village High School?

A. Grades are effective in every way.

B. Grades hold back students creativity.

C. Grades bring about unnecessary competition.

D. Grades are still in use at present.

What are the two letters mainly about?

A. The role that grades should play in assessing students.

B. The importance of art and music in students life.

C. The need to have a standard measure for students success.

D. The reasons why grades shouldn’t be used to assess students.

C.
Here are two letters from our readers expressing their concern about school assessment (評(píng)價(jià)):
(l)
Students should be allowed to study without worrying about grades (學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)). Fortunately, most educators realize that students have different interests and abilities. However, grade-based assessment is still very common. Grades often hold back creativity. Competing for better grades causes many students to turn down opportunities to go in for music, drama and sports. Grades are also an unfair measure of a student’s ability. I do not demand, as some extremists do, that grades should no longer be recorded. However, I do believe that less importance should be placed on. grades. I hope that someday grades will become optional(可選擇的) at Village High School.
Magdalena Smith, President
Drama Club
(2)
Let’s face the facts about grades. Grades perform three basic functions( 功能). First, grades get students to work at their highest level of competence  (能力 ). Second, they act as an encouragement for hard-working students and as a warming to those who are not. Finally, grades are an effective standard by which to measure students' achievement. Good grades help students to get jobs and to get into university.
I've spoken with a number of students who have jobs, and most of them say that they were hired mainly because of their grades. My grades helped me get a part-time job and will help me into university next year. I think grades are extremely important at Village High School.
Simon Harper, Member,
Science Club
64. Simon Harper writes from the viewpoint of someone who      
A. insists grades should become optional in the near future
B. believe in the advantages of assessment based on grades
C. is concerned about improving students' creativity
D. supports using students' interests to measure their abilities
65. Magdalena Smith thinks it is important for       .
A. educators to assess the students by grades
B. educators to pay more attention to grades
C. students to compete for better grades
D. students to take part in music, drama, and sports
66. According to the letters, which of the following is TRUE about Village High School?
A. Grades are effective in every way.    
B. Grades hold back students' creativity. .
C. Grades bring about unnecessary worries.
D. Grades are still in use at present.    .
67. What are the two letters mainly about?
A. The role that grades should play in assessing students.
B. The importance of art and music in students' life.
C. The need to have a standard measure for students' success.
D. The reasons why grades shouldn't be used to assess students.