1． 提問：對數(shù)是如何定義的？ → 指數(shù)式與對數(shù)式的互化：
A、巴西足球名將貝利在足壇上初露鋒芒時，一個記者問他：“你哪一個球踢得最好？”他回答說：“下一個！”而當他在足壇嶄露頭角，已成為世界著名球王，并踢進一千多個球后，記者又問道：“你哪一個球踢得最好？”他仍然回答：“下一個！”
審題方法：找關鍵詞法。抓住最關鍵的句子“下一個！”思考，初露鋒芒說“下一個”，表現(xiàn)了他的不滿現(xiàn)狀；而第二次是在踢進了一千多個球，成為舉世聞名的球王之后說的，這就更表現(xiàn)了他的永遠進取，奮斗拼搏的精神。
B、野兔是一種十分狡猾的動物，缺乏經(jīng)驗的獵手很難捕獲到它們。但是一到下雪天，野兔的末日就到了。因為野兔從來不敢走沒有自己腳印的路，當它從窩中出來覓食時，它總是小心翼翼的，一有風吹草動就會逃之夭夭。但走過一段路后，如果是安全的，它返回時也會按照原路。獵人就是根據(jù)野兔的這一特性，只要找到野兔在雪地上留下的腳印，然后設一個機關，第二天早上就可以收獲獵物了。 兔子的致命缺點就是太相信自己走過的路了。
審題方法：找關鍵詞法。關鍵句“兔子的致命缺點就是太相信自己走過的路”。
立意：走熟悉的路也會摔倒，不能用一成不變的眼光去看待不斷變化的世界“別摔在熟悉的路上”
野兔謹小慎微，不敢走新路，不敢創(chuàng)新 不要謹小慎微、敢于走新路、敢于創(chuàng)新
C、某省一扶貧工作團，做了件扶貧實事，向某個貧困山區(qū)贈送了一批優(yōu)良種羊。幾個月后去了解情況，村民們說，羊肉的味道很好，請再送些來。
審題方法：以果溯因法。
扶貧 結果 送了優(yōu)良種羊 村民說羊肉好吃再送些來
原因 村民觀念落后，素質不高
扶貧工作治標不治本
立意： “人的素質是第一位的”，“標本兼治，雙管齊下”等。
D、梟逢鳩。鳩曰：“子將安之？”梟曰：“我將東徙�！兵F曰：“何故？”梟曰：“鄉(xiāng)人皆惡我鳴，以故東徙。”鳩曰：“子能更鳴可矣，不能更鳴，東徙猶惡子之聲。”
譯文：貓頭鷹遇見了斑鳩，斑鳩問它：“你要到哪兒去呀？” 貓頭鷹說：“我準備搬到東邊去�！� 斑鳩問：“為什么呢？” 貓頭鷹說：“村里人都討厭我的叫聲，因此我想搬到東邊去。” 斑鳩說：“你改變叫聲，就可以了。要是不能改變叫聲，即使搬到東邊去，東邊村里人照樣討厭你�！�
要求：全面理解材料，但可以選擇一個側面、一個角度構思作文。自主確定立意，確定文體，確定標題；不要脫離原材料含意作文，不要套作，不要抄襲。
審題方法：以果溯因法。
結果 梟搬到東邊村里人照樣討厭 原因 沒有從根本上解決問題
立意 與其改變環(huán)境，不如改變自己 治標不如治本
認識到自己的不足，還要找到完善自我的恰當?shù)姆椒?/p>
贏得社會認同，在于完善自己
E、1814年，英國人斯蒂芬遜制造出了世界上第一輛蒸汽機車，當時有人駕著一輛馬車和它賽跑，新生的火車丑陋笨重，走得很慢，漂亮的馬車驕傲地跑在前面。而且火車由于沒有裝彈簧，把路基都震壞了。但是斯蒂芬遜并沒有因比賽失敗而灰心，堅信機車具有馬車無法媲美的優(yōu)越性，他不斷實驗不斷改進，近200年過去了，馬車仍按原來的速度轉動著輪子，而火車卻在飛速發(fā)展，高速火車的時速卻已超過了300千米，試驗性火車速度更加驚人。
方法：以果溯因法
果：火車戰(zhàn)勝了馬車
因：斯蒂芬遜在比賽失敗后沒有灰心喪氣，而是充滿了信心。
斯蒂芬遜失敗后進行冷靜思考分析，從而獲得了新的認識，使火車得以不斷改進
火車本身是具有強大生命力的新生事物，開始時雖不完善，但是它扔有巨大的發(fā)展前途。
F、深秋，黃葉紛紛從枝頭上落下來。有位哲人看到了說：“落葉并非殞落，是勝利凱旋！”
立意：奉獻，永恒的美德(道理升華法)
“落葉”是值得贊美的(把握情感傾向法)
G有一只螞蟻爬墻，六次失敗了，可是它還是延原路向上爬，一人說：“多可敬的小螞蟻。”第二人說：“多么愚蠢的螞蟻。”第三人說：“多么可悲的小螞蟻。”你怎么認為？
無情感傾向，找關鍵詞句，可寫“持之以恒”，可寫“變一條路”，但是寫“變通與堅持”更好。
(一)結合下面三個材料，進行審題立意
1、近朱者赤,近墨者黑;
2、橘生淮南則為橘,生于淮北則為枳
3、一傅眾咻(一人教導，眾人吵鬧，難以學好)
立意：客觀環(huán)境條件影響著事物的發(fā)展
1、找關鍵詞句法
洛倫茲是一位著名的物理學家，相對論的核心之一？--洛倫茲變換方程便是他的杰作。然而，當發(fā)現(xiàn)這與牛頓的絕對時空觀相矛盾時，他茫然了，因為那是經(jīng)典，不容置疑。一年之后，愛因斯坦走到這里時也遇到了同樣的問題，所不同的是，愛因斯坦毫無顧忌地沖破了牛頓力學的束縛，賦予洛倫茲變換方程以全新的物理涵義，從而導致相對論的誕生。
關鍵詞句：“經(jīng)典，不容置疑”“毫無顧忌地沖破了牛頓力學的束縛”
洛倫茲：迷信權威，可能與成功擦肩而過
愛因斯坦：適當?shù)膽岩墒侵钦叩幕鹁?
2、以果溯因法
螃蟹在樹林里迷了路。遇到青蛙，問道：“青蛙哥哥，到河邊去，怎么走？”青蛙指著前面說：“你一直往前走，一會兒就會到達河邊�！� 螃蟹走了老半天，還是沒走到河邊，后來，螃蟹遇見了青蛙，指責到：“你害得我好苦，走了老半天還是沒有見到河的影子。”青蛙說：“我沒有騙你！叫你一直往前走，你卻橫著爬，當然到不了河邊。”
果：螃蟹走了老半天，還是沒走到河邊
因：青蛙指著前面說：“你一直往前走�！斌π窓M著爬。
對別人的意見不要盲從
螃蟹
接受別人好的意見的同時也要結合自己的實際情況
青蛙 幫助別人要多站在別人的角度想問題
綜合 誤會源于錯誤的溝通
3、提煉本質法
這種方法就是抓住材料所反映的本質性的問題去立意。這種方法適用于平實的敘述性材料。這類材料沒有明顯的是非曲直，所表達的中心也不含蓄，就靠我們提煉出一個帶哲理性的觀點。
1987年，75位諾貝爾獎金獲得者在巴黎集會。有人問一位諾貝爾獲獎者：您在哪所學校，哪個實驗室學到了您認為最有價值的東西？出人意料，這位學者說，是在幼兒園�！霸谟變簣@學到什么呢？”學者答：“把自己的東西分一半給小伙伴，不是自己的東西不要拿；東西要放整齊；做錯了事要表示歉意；吃飯前要洗手；午飯后要休息；要仔細觀察大自然。從根本上我學到的東西就是這些�！边@位學者的話代表了科學家的普遍看法。
從小養(yǎng)成良好的品質和習慣，使人終生受益
觀點：
做學問與做人
4、道理升華法
這種方法適用于比較含蓄的隱喻型材料，寓言，帶有哲理性的自然現(xiàn)象。1990年高考作文材料提供的是法國寓言《小姑娘與玫瑰園》，2003年的《智子疑鄰》都屬于這一類型，分析這類材料，就要揭示蘊涵在材料中的那個“理”，然后再將這個道理的適用范圍擴大化。
漫畫中，在那么一種簡單、劃一、削足適履的教育方法之下，老師不必運用自己的智慧，學生也只有成為千孔一面的泥塑木偶的份！你看，那兩個拇指輕輕一按，學生就只有就范，就只有成為“統(tǒng)一面”似的“合格產品”了。
評議千篇一律的讓我們反感的教育
觀點：
憧憬讓我們張揚個性、自由飛翔的理想的教育
5、同異互求法
這種方法就是把幾個不同材料的某一共同點提出來，加以概括提煉，作為文章的論點。這種方法首先適用于相似排列的多元式材料。
(一)三性
1．整體性原則：新出來作文的審題要有全局意識，要從材料的整體著眼，不能糾纏局部的細節(jié)，否則很有可能出現(xiàn)偏題走題現(xiàn)象。
2．多向性原則：一般來說，新材料作文中材料所蘊涵的觀點并不是唯一的，從不同的角度可以得到不同的結論，因此，要學會多角度審視材料。
3．篩選性原則：因為我們從材料中獲得的觀點具有多樣性，因此，在進入寫作時對所得到的觀點還要進行適當?shù)暮Y選。篩選的原則：
①服從材料的整體；②觀點可能比較新穎；③自己有話可說。
新材料作文顧名思義是在材料作文基礎上發(fā)展起來的一種新的作文樣式，這種命題形式從本質上講，是材料作文，但又不限制文體，保持了話題作文的開放性“三自”，這就是稱之為新材料作文的原因。它不同于話題作文的地方是：它給定材料，但不給定話題，話題作文的材料是為了引出“話題”，作文圍繞“話題”范圍展開，材料可用可不用；新材料作文則要求全面理解材料，但可以選擇一個側面、一個角度構思作文，既是說要從材料中提煉觀點而不是話題，有的學生誤解為話題，如廣一模的材料作文，有學生從材料中引出話題“環(huán)境”，文章談環(huán)境污染問題，那就是離題作文了。
新材料作文的審題要“三性四清”�！叭浴睘閷忣}的原則，“四清”為審題的要點。
4. 只能使用價值個句子表達全部的內容。
廣東高考英語卷基礎寫作指導(系列2)
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高考英語基礎寫作指導(II) 第二講 記敘文：如何敘事？ 一、寫作指導 敘事類記敘文通常要將時間、地點、人物、事件、原因和結果等六個要素交代清楚。好的記敘文具有描述事件具體、人物逼真形象、故事生動感人、材料表現(xiàn)中心和寫作主旨明確等特征。高考英語基礎寫作中的敘事類短文也需要具有記敘文寫作的一般特點，但要求相對比較低，其考查重點在語言運用正確、句子連貫通順、信息點表述完整等方面。寫作時要注意以下幾個方面的問題： 1. 嚴格按照基礎寫作的要求完成各個信息點，不要為了文章的生動而隨意添加信息。 2. 信息點的表述不要完全按照題目所給的順序，要適當重組信息點。 3. 記敘文寫作的時態(tài)多數(shù)是用一般過去時，但也要注意靈活運用其它時態(tài)。 4. 敘事類記敘文的話題通常和中學生的生活閱歷有關，如校園生活、旅游、交通、交友等，平時要注意積累這些方面的詞匯和短語。 二、常用語句 1. 表達時間 a long time ago, at six o’clock in the morning, at the end of, at the weekend, before he came here, by the end of last term, during the summer holidays, in a few years’ time, in the past, in the old days, in the past ten years, in August 2002, in winter vacation, in weekdays, last month, next week, on Sunday morning, on October 1st, since early in the 20th century, so far, up to now, not…until, while , etc. 2. 表達地點 at the crossing, at the end of the street, at the airport, at the village, at the foot of the mountain, at the bottom, at the top of, be located in, behind the park, be situated in, five kilometers to the north of Guangzhou, in the south of Guangdong Province, in the middle of the park, in Class 3 Grade 2, in the front of the bus, in front of the bus, in the tree, in Guangdong, in China, lies to the west of Sichuan, onthe other side of the street, on both sides of the road,on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean ,on the right, etc. 3. 表達因果 as, as a result, because, because of, for, in the end, cause, result in, consequently, originate from, since, so, therefore, It is clear that… , It turns out to be… , The primary reason is … , etc. 4. 事件話題 (1)學校生活及學習成績 be active in class, be interested in, be interesting to sb., be fond of, be good at ,be poor at , be tired of one’s work, be weak in, do one’s homework, do sports after school,do well in; education for all-round development(素質教育), examination-oriented education system(應試教育), fail in the test, get a doctor’s degree, get on well with English, get an “A” in the exam, get 90 marks for English, give sb. a passing grade, have a good command of the language, have eight classes every day, help with each other, lay a good foundation in, learn…by heart, major in history, make friends with sb., make progress in, put one’s heart into, pass the examination, study in groups, succeed in doing sth., take an active part in the activity,take several courses at school, work out a problem, work on a maths problem , work hard at, etc. (2)師生關系及其活動 be friendly to sb., be kind to sb, be a strict teacher, be strict with one’s pupils, be strict in one’s work, be satisfied with , blame sb. for sth, correct the students’ homework carefully, devote all one’s time to work, form a good habit of, get on wellwith sb, give advice on, give sb a lot of work , help sb with sth, make one’s lessonslively and interesting, praise sb for sth., prepare for tomorrow’s lesson, question sb on, teach sb. English , teach sb how to do sth., etc. (3)課余活動及周末生活 do some reading, enjoy a family trip, enjoy doing sth., go swimming, go for an outing, go to the cinema, have an outing at the seashore, have a swim, have dances on weekends, have a picnic at the weekend, have a party, hold a sports meeting, Internet bar, net friend, online love affair(網(wǎng)戀), play the piano, play chess (basketball), see the sights of Beijing, spend one’s time in many different ways, teach in a family, etc. (4)交通情況 a big traffic jam, a traffic accident, be very crowded in the street, be seriously injured, by bus (train / ship / boat), drive a car, flight No. 2130, in a small boat, give sb. a lift, keep right, lie on the street, meet sb. at the station, on the bus (train),on board, on one’s way to London, on the journey, one way only , pick up sb., ride a bike, ride a horse , see sb. off at the airport, self-service ticket , take a flight to New York, traffic light, travel through China, turn right, etc. (5)度假旅游 New Year’s Day, Women’s Day, May Day, Youth Day, Children’s Day, Teachers’ Day, Mid-Autumn Day, National Day, valentine’s Day, the Spring Festival, a hot spot, a place of interest, a tourist destination, a five-star hotel, a good restaurant, a return ticket, a single ticket, a city with a long history, a quiet village, a three-day tour, an experienced guide, Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, beautiful scenery, in peak tourist seasons, natural attraction, on one’s way to France, on the back way , one of the great wonders of the world, spend one’s holidays on the sea , the 11th Asian Games, travel agency, the tour route, the inner-ring road, travel to England, the Great Wall , the Summer Place , Zhongshan Park , etc. (6)環(huán)境保護 a good environment, area pollution, air pollution, air quality standard, Antarctic Circle, atmospheric chemistry, a heavy rain, a heavy snow, be polluted, be hot, be cold, be cool, be cloudy, be rainy, be sunny, be flooded, climate, carbon dioxide(CO2), chemical change, chemical cleaning of coal, climate change, dirty, drought, dry, flood, early warning system, environmental behavior, environmental quality, feel comfortable, global warming, minus 20 degrees centigrade(-20°), 30 degrees above zero(30°)，sea level, warning center, wastes, water surface , water treatment, water pollution control, weather, windstorm , etc. 三、典型例文 參考范文： Dear Jane, I am very glad to tell you something about our school, Guangdong No. 3 Middle school. It lies in a small town about 15 kilometres away from the sea and it has a history of over 80 years. Our school, covering an area of nearly 150 thousand square meters, has more than 200 teachers and 3000 senior students It has three teaching buildings and six dormitory buildings, with many flowers and tall trees all around, so it’s very beautiful. In our school we learn Chinese, maths, science, English, computer,PE, arts and some other subjects. We warmly welcome you to visit our school in the summer holidays. Best wishes. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 參考范文： A brief Introduction of the Chinese Spring Festival The Chinese Spring Festival comes on the first day of the Chinese Lunar Year, which is usually in February. There is a name for each year, such as the dog, the monkey, the tiger or one of the twelve animals, and this year is the year of the pig. Before the New Year’s Day, the Chinese people usually give their houses a good cleaning and on the last evening of the old year, all the members of a family will get together and have a big meal. On the first or second day of the new year, peopleusually go to visit their relatives and friends and give some lucky money to children. I wish you have a good time during the Spring Festival. 參考范文 1.On July 27th 2007, Friday, we 18 classmates, including John from Britain, Sinba from India and Keith from the USA, went to Lee Farm to help the farmers. We started off at 8 o’clock in the morning, and after an hour’s ride on the bus, we walked for another 15 minutes. Lee Farm is about 60 kilometres northwest to our school. A few days ago it was hit by a strong tornado, and many apples were blown onto the ground, so we helped to pick up the apples and put the good ones in the baskets.We felt very tired after the work, but all of us thought it was a great help to the farmers. 2. Last Wednesday I gave a lecture about China’s culture and history to the 7th students from 9-11:30 in the morning. This is the first time I gave a lesson, so I felt very nervous and great pressure. I presented for one and a half hours, introducing from the dynasties in ancient times to the revolutionary in recent times, but I spent a lot more time on present China, the renovation, the open policy and the economic development. In the following hour we exchanged ideas and had a good discussion, but I was sorry to find that they knew little about China and raised a lot of strange questions. I think we need more cultural exchange of this kind, because we can get more practice and the foreign students can understand more about China. |
廣東高考英語卷基礎寫作指導(系列3)
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第三講 如何寫圖表類說明文
一、寫作指導
圖表類作文一直是高考的熱點，其體裁可以是記敘文、議論文或說明文。本篇介紹如何備考圖表類說明文。
圖表類說明文要求根據(jù)圖示、表格等所給的信息，通過定義、描述、數(shù)字對比和分類比較等方式，介紹圖表所顯示對象的特征，如形狀、構造、性質、變化、功能、因果和方位等。圖表類說明文常見的話題有：產品介紹、地點描述、方位描寫、觀點對比、變化分析、購物指南和操作說明等。寫作這類文章需注意以下幾點：
1． 正確解讀表格，不能添加或遺漏信息。
2． 寫作內容要條理清楚，層次分明。說明科技方面的內容常用定義法、比較對比法、分類法和因果法等；說明自然環(huán)境方面的內容常用時空次序法與分類法等。
3． 說明文的語言要簡練，用詞要準確，避免夸張華麗的辭藻。
4． 時態(tài)常用一般現(xiàn)在時，語態(tài)常用被動語態(tài)，有時用虛擬語氣。
二、常用句型
1. 介紹產品
The company has modern equipment and lots of senior
experts.
This kind of product contains much top and new
technique.
It’s convenient to carry and easy to operate.
It’s about six feet long and nine feet high.
It cost me 100 yuan to buy this dictionary.
2. 介紹學校
There were many subjects in our school, such as
Chinese, history, drawing and so forth.
Our school is located at the foot of a green hill.
In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain
with many colored flowers around it.
In front of the school is a beautiful garden with a
library on its left and a laboratory on its right.
At the back of the school are the students’ dormitory
and the dinning-hall, in front of which lies the large sports field.
The teacher’s dormitory stands between the teaching
building and the students’ dormitory.
3． 行路指引
It is not very difficult to find your way from the
Dongfang Hotel to the railway station.
When you get out of the station, turn left and walk
down the street until you see the traffic lights.
Turn right at the third turning, and you will see a
post office at the corner.
Go eastward and you will see the museum opposite to the
library.
Bus No.2 will take you right there.
It will take you about 10 minutes to get there by
subway.
4． 介紹地方
Tiananmen Square, the largest square in the world,
covers an area of one million square metres.
Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, lies in
the south of China.
It has an area of 10,000 square kilometers with a
population of over 2 million.
It is rich in natural sources, such as coal, oil and
gold.
The weather is neither too cold in winter nor too hot
in summer.
Built in the18th century, the tower has witnessed too
much coming and going in history.
5． 新舊對比
Our hometown used to be a beautiful place, with thick
trees and green grass everywhere.
Nowadays some students cannot go to college because of
high tuition fees.
Great changes have taken place in the past few years.
It is known to us all that the living standard of the
Chinese people has greatly improved. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in the past. 6． 數(shù)量表達 Output is up 30% last year. Unemployment more than doubled in 1996. The population here is increasing year by year. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. From the table we can see that the world population is increasing rapidly. The latest survey shows that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provides them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills. Statistics show a 20% rise (reduction) in traffic accidents compared with last year. Bicycle can’t be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort. 三、實例分析 [例文1]父母為子女選擇小學的情況調查 最近學校研究性學習小組對3000多名年輕的父母做了一個調查，調查主題、結果等內容如下表所示，請用英文給校英文廣播站寫一篇簡介，介紹調查的情況。 寫作要求： 1． 簡介必須包括圖表所給的全部內容； 2． 只能使用5個句子。 參考范文： Recently a survey was done to investigate what parents care most in choosing primary schools. The survey shows that location is the key factor in choosing schools for their children-half of those interviewed said that being close to their homes was the most important factor in their choice. Teaching quality came second, with nearly 40% of the parents worrying about their children’s future career. The survey also shows that one-tenth of them expect that schools have advanced facilities. More than 3,000 parents were surveyed in the research. [例文 2]樓盤介紹 假設暑假你到某樓盤打工，正好有幾名外國客人想買一套公寓樓，公寓樓及其周邊的一些基本信息如下。請書面用英文向這幾位客人介紹一下這套公寓樓。 寫作要求： 1． 簡介必須包括圖表所給的全部內容； 2． 只能使用5個句子。 3． 參考詞匯：公寓樓 apartment 公寓單間 flat 參考范文： The flat has 110 square metres, with one sitting-room, three bedrooms, one bathroom and one kitchen. Facing south, it is quite bright in the rooms at daytime. Not far away from the apartment there is a supermarket, a clinic, a kindergarten and a bus-stop. The bus can access the subway directly. The price for the flat is about 6000RMB per square metre. 四、即時訓練 [練習1]簡介我國高等教育的發(fā)展情況 假設你在政府部門見習，請根據(jù)以下圖標的信息，向幾位到訪外國客人詢問你所在城市的教育發(fā)Z展情況。 寫作要求： 1． 簡介必須包括圖標所給的全部內容； 2． 只能使用5個句子。 3． 參考詞匯：打基礎 lay foundation 改革開放 reform and opening up [練習2]中學生使用媒體情況調查 假設你參加了一個網(wǎng)上國際中學生調查項目，調查13－20歲的年青人每周使用媒體的時間情況。請根據(jù)下面的圖表信息，用英文寫一篇簡介。 寫作要求： 1． 簡介必須包括圖標所給的全部內容； 2． 只能使用5個句子。 參考范文 練習1 As we can see from the chart, our city’s education is developing very fast. There were only about one thousand students when New China was founded in 1949, and ten thousand in 1978, while the number reached eighty thousand in 2007. Several factors have contributed to the quick development. Firstly, the rapid economic development in our city, especially during the thirty years of reform and opening up, has laid a sound foundation. Secondly, the government has been trying hard to encourage the development of education, and thirdly, most people have begun to realize the importance of education. 練習2 Recently we did a surway about media consumption by teens and young adults in their spare time. According to the research, teens and young adults consume many different types of media, but the Internet surpasses them all in the amount of time spent. Most of the students spend ten hours in an average week, and watching TV comes second, with five hours. The other ways of time spent are as follows: four hours reading newspapers and magazines, three hours talking on the phone and two hours listening to the radio. It’s a pity that they only spend one hour in reviewing textbooks in their free time. |
3. 短文不能寫成詩歌形式。
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