5.despite,in spite of,though(although)

despite=in spite of 故不能再與of連用,

　in spite of (despite)+名詞＝though(although)+從句。例如：

We went out in spite of (despite)the rain.

=We went out though/although it was raining.

雖然下雨，我們還是出去了。

應(yīng)用

(1)He is very active ______his age.

(2)______a thorough investigation,no trace of the murderer has been found.

(3)______he was poor,he was generous.

(4)______all efforts,he failed.

答案：(1)despite/in spite of　 (2)Despite/In spite of　 (3)Although/Though　 (4)Despite/In spite of

4.clothing,clothes,cloth,dress

cloth指做衣服用的材料(布料、毛料、絲綢等)，它是物質(zhì)名詞，不可數(shù)名詞，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但cloth指“具體用的布”時(shí)，是可數(shù)名詞。

He bought a piece of cloth and make a table cloth.

他買了塊布料做了個(gè)桌布。

clothes指各種衣服，包括外套、西裝、襯衣、褲子、裙子、鞋、帽等，不指單件衣服。它既不能用作單數(shù)，也不能和表示具體數(shù)目的數(shù)詞連用。不能說：a clothes,six clothes,但可以說many(these,a few,my)clothes，作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

These clothes are new.

這些衣服都是新的。

clothing 是衣服、服裝的總稱，集體名詞，只有單數(shù)形式，是區(qū)別于其他事物的抽象概念。作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：food,clothing and shelter衣、食、住。

可以說an article of clothing(一件衣服)，但不能說a suit of clothing,而要說a suit of clothes(一套衣服)。

A factory that makes children’s clothing.

一家生產(chǎn)童裝的廠家。

Our clothing protects us from the cold.

衣服使我們免受寒冷。

dress指外面穿著的衣服，有修飾的意味。尤指女子的連衣裙及某種特殊場(chǎng)合下穿著的服裝(禮服)，這時(shí)dress是可數(shù)名詞。

Oh,Pierre,how wonderful!But I haven’t got a dress to the ball!

啊，皮埃爾，太好了！可是我還沒有參加舞會(huì)的衣服��！

He doesn’t care much about dress.

他不太講究衣著。

應(yīng)用

(1)How much ______does it take to make a coat for the child?

(2)One by one he took out the books and wiped them with a duster ______.

(3)All of her ______were made by her mother.

(4)He had to buy a good many ______.

(5)A coat is an article of ______.

(6)She looks pretty in her pink summer ______.

答案：(1)cloth　 (2)cloth　 (3)clothes　 (4)clothes　 (5)clothing　 (6)dress

3.certain,sure 確信，有把握

相同點(diǎn)：① 都可接about/of,意思是“確信，對(duì)……有把握”，只能用人作主語。

Are you sure/certain of that?

你對(duì)那件事有把握嗎？

②都可接不定式，意思是“一定會(huì)……”，人或物均可作主語。

He is certain/sure to succeed.

他一定會(huì)成功。

The project is sure/certain to be a success.

這個(gè)計(jì)劃一定會(huì)成功。

③后面跟連接詞(疑問詞，連詞whether)+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“確定……”，只能用人作主語。

I’m not sure/certain what to do.

我不知道怎么辦。

④都可跟從句，意思是“肯定……，確定……”，只能用人作主語。

I’m not sure/certain whether I’ve met him before.

我不能確定以前是否見過他。

不同點(diǎn)：sure不能用于“It is certain that...”句型。

It is certain that your team will win.

你們隊(duì)肯定會(huì)贏。

應(yīng)用

It’s quite ______that Dr Smith will be present at the meeting.

A.certain　　　　　 B.sure　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 C.certainly　　　　　　　　　　 D.surely

答案:A

2.most,a most,the most

most前沒有定冠詞，不是最高級(jí)，而是副詞原級(jí)，相當(dāng)于very,意為“極，很，十分”。即：

most=very用來加強(qiáng)語氣

a most=a very

the most+adj.為形容詞的最高級(jí)形式，常用于有一定范圍限制的情況

例如：The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.

會(huì)議在極友好的氣氛中進(jìn)行。

It is most beautiful!

真是美極了！

應(yīng)用

(1)This is ______interesting book but it is not ______interesting book I have ever read.

(2)We shall ______certainly come.

(3)You’re very helpful and ______kind.

答案：(1)most,the most　 (2)most　 (3)most

1.lie,lay

例如：Success lies in hard work.

成功在于勤奮。

Lies have short legs.

謊言總是站不住腳的。

Lu Xun laid down medicine and took up writing.

魯迅棄醫(yī)從文。

Many people laid down their lives for our country.

許多人為祖國(guó)獻(xiàn)出了生命。

She laid herself down.=She lay down.

她躺下了。

應(yīng)用

The boy ______in bed ______to us that the hen had ______two eggs,and he ______the eggs on the table.

答案：lying,lied,laid,laid

5.so+adj.+ a/an+n.句型

教材原句

He is young,but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.

他很年輕但是我過去從來不知道有這么年輕又如此聰明的人。

如果形容詞前有as,so,too,how時(shí)，a/an就放在形容詞之后，其結(jié)構(gòu)是：as/too/so/how+adj.+a/an+n.。

補(bǔ)充例句

(1)Did you notice that you had made so serious a mistake?

你注意到你犯了一個(gè)如此嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤嗎？

(2)How wonderful a plan it would be!

多好的計(jì)劃��！

(3)Russian is so difficult a language for us Chinese to learn.

俄語對(duì)我們中國(guó)人來說是很難學(xué)的一門語言。

(4)In my opinion,he is as good a doctor as I.

依我看，他和我一樣，都是個(gè)好醫(yī)生。

(5)It is too serious a matter.I can’t deal with it alone.

這個(gè)事情太嚴(yán)重了，我一個(gè)人處理不了。

疑難突破

4.倍數(shù)表達(dá)法

教材原句

If you offered me six times what you have just offered,I would still take my pound of flesh.

即使你愿意給我六倍于你剛才提出的錢數(shù)，我也要得到我應(yīng)得的一磅肉。

特別提示

英語中表示倍數(shù)的句式有：

倍數(shù)+as+形容詞(副詞)原級(jí)+as

倍數(shù)+形容詞(副詞)比較級(jí)+than

倍數(shù)+the+名詞(size,weight,height,depth,

length,width等)+of...

形容詞的比較級(jí)+than...+by+倍數(shù)

倍數(shù)+what從句

用times表示倍數(shù)時(shí)，一般是限于表示三倍或三倍以上的數(shù)，表示兩倍用twice或double,一倍則用once。

補(bǔ)充例句

(1)This square is three times as big as that one.

=This square is twice bigger than that one.

=This square is three times the size of that one.

=This square is bigger than that one by twice.

這個(gè)方塊是那個(gè)的三倍大(大兩倍)。

(2)He offered me six times what you have just offered.

他愿意給我六倍于你所提供的錢。

(3)Asia is four times as large as Europe.

亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。

(4)The tower is twice the height of the building.

這塔是那棟樓房的兩倍高。

(5)The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.

地球的體積是月球的49倍。

3.it指時(shí)間的用法

教材原句

It was four o’clock in the afternoon when he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan,where....

當(dāng)他和爺爺?shù)竭_(dá)廣漢博物館時(shí)，時(shí)間已是下午4點(diǎn)了……

特別提示

此句是主從復(fù)合句。it指時(shí)間，when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。又如：It was early morning when we got home.我們到家時(shí)，時(shí)間已是凌晨了。

Was it 1949 when our town was liberated?

我們鎮(zhèn)解放的時(shí)間是1949年嗎？(it指時(shí)間，when在從句中作狀語，不能由that充當(dāng))

Was it in 1949 that our town was liberated?

我們鎮(zhèn)是在1949年解放的嗎(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)

2.it用作形式主語的句型(2)

教材原句

At first,it was thought that it was through war and armed conflict,but....

起初，據(jù)認(rèn)為鐵是由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和武器沖突才出現(xiàn)的。但……

特別提示

句中，it was thought+ that...,it是形式主語，真正的主語是that從句，第二個(gè)it指上文的“鐵”(iron)。掌握句型：It is said/thought/believed...=People say/think/believe that...=Sb./Sth.is said/believed/thought to do....

補(bǔ)充例句

It is known to all that Taiwan belongs to China.

眾所周知，臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。

It’s hoped that China will become stronger and stronger,more and more beautiful.

希望中國(guó)越來越美麗、富強(qiáng)。

The Yellow River is said to be “the mother river”.It runs across China like a huge dragon.

據(jù)說黃河是“母親之河”。它就像一條巨龍穿過中國(guó)。

It’s said that the book has been translated into English.

=People say that the book has been translated into English.

=The book is said to have been translated into English.

據(jù)說，這本書已被譯成了英文。

1.it用作形式主語的句型(1)

教材原句

It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.

想同夏洛克爭(zhēng)論是沒有用的。

特別提示

It’s useless/no use/no good+ doing sth.是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，it是形式主語，真正的主語是其后的v.-ing形式，意為“做某事沒用/沒好處”。

補(bǔ)充例句

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

覆水難收。

It will be useless learning a theory without practice.

學(xué)習(xí)理論而不實(shí)踐是沒有用的。