(一)先將學(xué)生進(jìn)行分組,指定組長.
1.新課導(dǎo)入
在現(xiàn)實生活中,我們常聽到“概率”這個詞. 比如說:買彩票時,總關(guān)心中獎的概率有多大;正規(guī)的足球比賽,為了體現(xiàn)比賽的公平性,比賽前,主裁判往往以拋硬幣的方式,根據(jù)是正面還是反面來確定比賽場地,這些都和概率有關(guān). 那么什么是概率呢?怎么獲得概率的大小呢?知道概率的大小又有何意義呢?
今天我們就開始學(xué)習(xí)概率的有關(guān)知識:第十一章 概率.
我們先來學(xué)習(xí)第一節(jié):隨機(jī)事件的概率(1)(板書課題).
2.事件的分類
首先,請同學(xué)們看這樣一些事件,分析它們的發(fā)生與否,各有什么特點?
(1)“導(dǎo)體通電時,發(fā)熱”;
(2)“拋一石塊,下落”;
(3)“在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓下且溫度低于0℃時,冰融化”;
(4)“在常溫下,焊錫熔化”;
(5)“某人射擊一次,中靶”;
(6)“擲一枚硬幣,出現(xiàn)正面”.
通過學(xué)生討論,指出事件(1)、(2)是必然要發(fā)生的,(3)、(4)是不可能發(fā)生的,而(5)、(6)是可能發(fā)生、也可能不發(fā)生的.
進(jìn)而引出三類事件的概念:
在一定的條件下必然要發(fā)生的事件,叫做必然事件;
在一定的條件下不可能發(fā)生的事件,叫做不可能事件;
在一定的條件下可能發(fā)生,也可能不發(fā)生的事件,叫做隨機(jī)事件.
向?qū)W生指出:
(1)它們是按照事件的發(fā)生與否這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn),來進(jìn)行分類的;
(2)這三類事件是相對于一定條件來說的,條件改變了,事件的性質(zhì)有時也會改變. 例如:事件(3)是不可能事件,若將其改為“在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓下且溫度高于0℃時,冰融化”,這就是一個必然事件.
例1.指出下列事件是必然事件,不可能事件,還是隨機(jī)事件:
(1)“某電話機(jī)在一分鐘之內(nèi),收到三次呼叫”;
(2)“當(dāng)是實數(shù)時,”;
(3)“沒有水分,種子發(fā)芽”;
(4)“打開電視機(jī),正在播放新聞”.
答案:(1)隨機(jī)事件;(2)必然事件;(3)不可能事件;(4)隨機(jī)事件.
根據(jù)三類事件的概念,讓學(xué)生舉出現(xiàn)實生活中有關(guān)這三類事件的一些例子.
3.試驗、觀察和歸納
在三類事件中,必然事件和不可能事件,它的發(fā)生與否是很容易確定的,事先就知道它發(fā)生或者不發(fā)生;而隨機(jī)事件的發(fā)生具有不確定性,可能發(fā)生,也可能不發(fā)生. 那么,它發(fā)生的可能性有多大呢?對于隨機(jī)事件,知道它發(fā)生的可能性大小是非常重要的,能為我們的決策提供關(guān)鍵性的依據(jù). 那么,如何才能獲得隨機(jī)事件發(fā)生的可能性大小呢?最直接的方法就是試驗(觀察).
一次試驗,就是將事件的條件實現(xiàn)一次.例如:“拋擲一枚硬幣,正面向上”這個事件來說,做一次試驗,就是將硬幣拋擲一次.
隨機(jī)事件在一次試驗中是否發(fā)生是不能事先確定的,那么在大量重復(fù)試驗的情況下,它的發(fā)生是否會有規(guī)律性呢?
下面我們通過做一個拋擲硬幣的試驗,來了解“拋擲一枚硬幣,正面向上”這個隨機(jī)事件發(fā)生的可能性大小.
方法:試驗、觀察、探究、歸納和總結(jié);
手段:采用實物試驗,多媒體計算機(jī)輔助教學(xué).
重點:理解頻率的穩(wěn)定性及概率的統(tǒng)計定義;
難點:頻率與概率的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系.
3.情感態(tài)度價值觀
(1)在探究過程中,鼓勵學(xué)生大膽嘗試,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生勇于創(chuàng)新、敢于實踐等良好的個性品質(zhì);
(2)通過對概率的學(xué)習(xí),滲透偶然寓于必然、事物之間既對立又統(tǒng)一的辯證唯物主義
思想;增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的科學(xué)素養(yǎng).
2.過程與方法
發(fā)現(xiàn)法教學(xué),通過學(xué)生在拋硬幣的試驗中獲取數(shù)據(jù),歸納總結(jié)試驗結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律,真正做到在探索中學(xué)習(xí),在探索中提高. 理解在大量重復(fù)試驗的情況下,隨機(jī)事件的發(fā)生呈現(xiàn)規(guī)律性,進(jìn)而理解概率和頻率的關(guān)系. 從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生從試驗中歸納出一般規(guī)律的能力以及學(xué)生動手能力與解決實際問題的能力.
1.知識與技能
(1)了解必然事件、不可能事件、隨機(jī)事件的概念;
(2)理解頻率的穩(wěn)定性及概率的統(tǒng)計定義.
1._____Sunday, the students are at home. A.Being B.To be C.It is D.It being 2.The boy lay on his back, his teeth __and his glaring eyes ___. A.set;looked B.set;looking C.setting;looked D.setting;looking 3.All the thing____,sidered sidering C.to consider sider 4.____who she was, she said she was Mr.Johnson’s friend. A.Asking B.Asked C.To be asked D.When asking 5.He hurried to the station,___the 9:30 train had already left. A.to find B.found C.only to find D.only finding 6.Which do you enjoy ___your weekends, fishing or watching TV? A.spending B.to spend C.being spent D.spend 7.___all my letters, I had a drink and went out. A.Finished B.Having finished C.Finishing D.To finish 8.She had no money ___a birthday present for her children. A.to buy with B.buying C.bought D.with which to buy 9.From the dates___on the gold coin, it is conformed that it was made five hundred years ago. A.marking B.marked C.to be marked D.having been marked 10.____time and labour, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb. A.To save B.Saved C.Saving D.Having saved 11.O’Neal works hard.He is often seen ___h(yuǎn)eavily before his teammates start. A.sweated B.to be sweated C.sweating D.being sweated 12.I can hardly imagine Peter___across the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days. A.sail B.to sail C.sailing D.to have sailed 13.Such___the case, I couldn’t help but _____ him. A.being;support B.is;to support C.has been;supporting D.be;supported 14.Does the way you thought of___the water clean make any sense? A.making B.to make C.how to make D.having made 15.In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours__in my study. A.locking B.locked C.to lock D.being locked 16.You will find the word “psychology” ____under “P” in your dictionary. A.have listed B.list C.listed D.listing 17.Sandy could do nothing but ___to his mother that he was wrong. A.admitting B.admits C.admit D.to admit 18.When I caught him cheating me, I stopped __things in his shop. A.buying B.buy C.to buy D.bought 19.A doctor can expect___at any hour of the day or night. A.calling B.to call C.being called D.to be called 20.Nearly every great building in Beijing was built___ south. A.to face B.facing C.to have faced D.being facing 21.With his son___, the old man felt unhappy. A.to be disappointed B.disappointing C.being disappointed D.to disappoint 22.It was____computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons. A.to have played B.playing C.played D.having played 23.And there, almost___in the big chair, sat her little brother, who never had to be told to keep quiet. A.having lost B.losing C.to be lost D.lost 24.As I will be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate___from you now and then__me how everyone is getting along. A.hearing; tell B.to hear; tell C.hearing; telling D.to hear; to tell 25.The students are forbidden, unless they have special passes, __ after 11 pm. A.to stay out B.from staying out C.staying out D.not to stay out 26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time__ the last bus. A.catching B.to catch C.having caught D.to have caught 27.__to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. A.Exposed B.Having exposed C.Being exposed D.After being exposed 28.Mike didn’t start____the importance of a foreign language till he graduated from school. A.knowing B.to know C.know D.to have known 29.-- Why was a special meeting called? -- ___a new chairman. A.To elect B.Electing C.Our electing D.Elected 30.-- Why did Bob weep? -- He couldn’t bear___like that before the whole class. A.making fun of B.being made fun of C.to be laughed at D.being made fun 31.The students expected there__more reviewing classes before the final exams. A.is B.to be C.being D.have been 32.I don’t mind___by bus, but I hate__in queues. A.traveling;stand B.to travel;to stand C.traveling;to stand D.traveling;to standing 33.We are looking forward to___the film____at the Grand Cinema. A.seeing;to show B.see; shown C.seeing;shown D.see;to show 34.At the shopping-centre,he didn’t know what__and__with an empty bag. A.to buy;leave B.to be bought;left C.to buy;left D.was to buy;leave 35.The policeman put down the phone, ___with a smile on his face. A.satisfied B.satisfying C.to be satisfied D.having satisfied 36.___, your composition is full of mistakes. A.Writing carelessly B.Written carelessly C.Having written carelessly D.Being written carelessly 37.She made a candle___us light. A.give B.gave C.to give D.given 38.-- What do you suppose made her worried? -- ___a gold ring. A.Lose B.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing 39.I know it’s not important, but I can’t help __about it. A.to think B.and think C.thinking D.being thought 40.__several times, the young scientist still kept on making his experiments. A.Having been failed B.Having failed C.Though failed D.Because of failure 41.___all over the hill and around the lake are wild flowers of different kinds. A.To grow B.Growing C.Grown D.Grow 42.--Who are you going to have__this letter for you? -- My secretary. A.type B.typed C.been typed D.been typing 43.The food___at the moment is for the dinner party. A.cooked B.to be cooked C.is being cooked D.being cooked 44.A kind old gentleman offered___my bags to the taxi stand. A.his help carried B.carrying C.me to carry D.to help me to carry 45.You can hardly imagine the difficulty the woman had___h(yuǎn)er children. A.brought up B.to bring up C.bringing up D.to have brought up 46.He was___today, but was asked to stay for___week. A.to have returned;another B.returning;one more C.returned;another D.to return;other 47.-- Where should I send my form? -- The Personnel office is the place___. A.for sending it B.to send it to C.to send D.to send it 48.I could feel the wind__on my face from an open window. A.to blow B.blowing C.to be blowing D.blown 49.-- Lucy, why didn’t you come last Sunday? -- I___, but my father was in hospital. A.would B.had C.was going to D.did 50.--What terrible weather! I simply can’t get the car___. -- Why not try____the engine with some hot water? A.starting;filling B.start;filling C.started;to fill D.to start;fill 答案及簡析 1.D。本題考查獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),因為前后主語不一致,所以前面分詞的邏輯主語不可以省略。It being Sunday相當(dāng)于As it is Sunday。 2.B。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作伴隨狀語, teeth 與set兩個詞之間含有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,所以用過去分詞;look這一動作是eyes所發(fā)出,所以用looking。 3.A。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語,因為things與consider之間含有被動關(guān)系,所以用過去分詞。 4.B。分詞短語作狀語,因為ask與句子的主語(she)之間有被動關(guān)系,所以用過去分詞。5.C。本題考查“(only)+不定式”與“-ing形式”作結(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別!皁nly+不定式”表示該結(jié)果在主語的預(yù)料之外;接“-ing”形式表示由主句所產(chǎn)生的邏輯上的結(jié)果。 6.B。本題考查不定式作目的狀語,本題極易誤選A。其實 enjoy的賓語為fishing or watching TV。 7.B。因finish這一動作發(fā)生在I had a drink and went out之前,所以必須用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。 8.D。介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)可以在句中用作定語,其作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。9.B。本題考查非謂語動詞作定語。不定式作定語時,表示將來的動作;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,表示主動、進(jìn)行;過去分詞作定語,表示被動、完成。因為dates是被標(biāo)在gold coin上,所以用過去分詞表示被動。 10.A。不定式作目的狀語。 11.C。分詞在句中作主語補(bǔ)足語。因sweat這一動作是he所發(fā)出,所以為主動。 12.C。Peter為邏輯主語,與sailing構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),作imagine的賓語。 13.A。can’t help but為固定短語, but后面接不帶to的不定式;Such being the case為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),the case為邏輯主語。 14.B。 15.B。lock與其邏輯主語應(yīng)含有動賓關(guān)系,即 “被鎖在書房里”。 16.C。單詞psychology被列在 “P”之下,有被動關(guān)系。 17.C。but表示 “除了”,為介詞,當(dāng)其前面有動詞do的各種形式時,but后接不帶to的不定式。18.A。當(dāng)stop后面接不定式時,表示“停下來去做某事”;如果接-ing形式,則表示“停止正在做的事”。 19.D。expect后面接不定式。由題意可知,doctor與call之間是被動關(guān)系。 20.B。現(xiàn)在分詞在句中表示狀態(tài)。 21.B。with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語,表示原因,意為“由于兒子很是令人失望! 22.B。本題為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是句子的主語,所以采用-ing形式。 23.D。be lost in是固定短語,意為“陷入……之中”。變?yōu)榉衷~短語作狀語時,仍用過去分詞lost。 24.C。appreciate后直接接-ing形式作賓語。 25.A。本題考查forbid 的用法。當(dāng)forbid用作被動形式時,構(gòu)成be forbidden to do結(jié)構(gòu)。 26.B。 27.C。由題意“暴露在陽光下太久,會傷害人的皮膚”可知應(yīng)采用-ing形式的被動式作主語。 28.B。start后可以接-ing形式或to do,但如果start后面的動詞表示心理活動的詞時,必須用不定式。 29.A;卮饂hy引導(dǎo)的問句,一般用不定式;回答what問句,一般用-ing形式。 30.B。bear意為“容忍”, 后面接-ing形式;make fun of與其邏輯主語有被動關(guān)系,所以用being done形式。 31.B。expected there to be的形式相當(dāng)于expected there would be...。 32.C。mind意為“介意”, 后面接-ing形式; hate后可以接-ing形式或to do兩種形式。 33.C。look forward to(to為介詞)后面接-ing形式;film與show之間含有被動關(guān)系,所以用過去分詞作定語。 34.C。“特殊疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語;left與didn’t know并列。 35.A。be satisfied with“對……滿意”,即satisfy與with緊緊相連時,必須用其過去分詞。 36.B。write所表示的動作與其邏輯主語有被動關(guān)系。Being written為現(xiàn)在分詞進(jìn)行時的被動,表示該動作正在進(jìn)行,與題意不符,所以選B。 37.C。不定式作目的狀語, 意為“她制了一些蠟燭用來照明”。 38.C。參見注29。 39.C。can’t help表示“忍不住”后面接-ing形式;表示“不能幫助”時,后面接不定式。40.B。fail這一動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞之前,所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時,并且為主動概念。 41.B。all over the hill and around the lake為地點狀語提前。wild flowers是長在“山上及湖的周圍”的。 42.A。who為have的賓語。 43.D。根據(jù)句子意思可知該動作正在進(jìn)行,所以用being done形式。 44.D。本題考查offer與help的用法, 即offer to do sth.與help sb.(to) do sth。 45.C。本題考查have difficulty(in) doing sth.這一結(jié)構(gòu)。本句中 the woman had為定語從句,修飾difficulty。 46.A。be to+have done結(jié)構(gòu),表示本應(yīng)該做某事,但事實上卻沒有做。 47.B。本題考查不定式作定語的用法。根據(jù)send的用法,send sth.to some place,故選擇答案B。 48.B。blow這一動作是wind發(fā)出的,所以為主動,因此選擇blowing。 49.C。該題考查了動詞不定式的省略現(xiàn)象。由題意可知是表示過去的一種打算或計劃,在“was going to”后省略了前面的內(nèi)容或動作,故應(yīng)選C。 50.A。get the car starting意為“使汽車發(fā)動起來”;try doing 意為“試著做某事”。
10. I do every single bit of housework ____ my
husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.
(2004 全國卷)
A. since B. while
C. when D. as
[解析]選B while“然而,卻”,表示對比關(guān)系。
9.( ) ____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom
suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at
home. (2004 北京)
A. To Wait B. Have waited
C. Having waited D. To have waited
[解析]選 C 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示此動作在主句
謂語動詞之前。
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