1、光的干涉現(xiàn)象:
頻率相同,振動(dòng)方向一致,相差恒定(步調(diào)差恒定)的兩束光, 在相遇的區(qū)域出現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)定相間的加強(qiáng)區(qū)域和減弱區(qū)域的現(xiàn)象。
(1)產(chǎn)生干涉的條件:
、偃鬝1、S2光振動(dòng)情況完全相同,則符合 ,(n=0、1、2、3…)時(shí),出現(xiàn)亮條紋;
②若符合,((n=0,1,2,3…)時(shí), 出現(xiàn)暗條紋。相鄰亮條紋(或相鄰暗條紋)之間的中央間距為。
(2)熟悉條紋特點(diǎn)
中央為明條紋,兩邊等間距對(duì)稱分布明暗相間條紋。
[例1]有關(guān)偏振和偏振光的下列說法中正確的有 (BD)
A.只有電磁波才能發(fā)生偏振,機(jī)械波不能發(fā)生偏振
B.只有橫波能發(fā)生偏振,縱波不能發(fā)生偏振
C.自然界不存在偏振光,自然光只有通過偏振片才能變?yōu)槠窆?/p>
D.除了從光源直接發(fā)出的光以外,我們通?吹降慕^大部分光都是偏振光
解:機(jī)械能中的橫波能發(fā)生偏振。自然光不一定非要通過偏振片才能變?yōu)槠窆狻1绢}應(yīng)。
[例2].下列有關(guān)光現(xiàn)象的說法中正確的是 ( AC )
A.在太陽(yáng)光照射下,水面上油膜出現(xiàn)彩色花紋是光的色散現(xiàn)象
B.在光的雙縫干涉實(shí)驗(yàn)中,若僅將入射光由綠光改為紅光,則干涉條紋間距變窄
C.光異纖維絲內(nèi)芯材料的折射率比外套材料的折射率大
D.光的偏振現(xiàn)象說明光是一種縱波
3、 激光
(1)激光的定義:
(2)激光的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)用:
①頻率單一;
②相干性好;
③平行度好(方向性好);
④亮度高(能在很小空間、很短時(shí)問內(nèi)集中很大的能量)。
2、偏振光的產(chǎn)生方式:
(1)偏振光的理論意義
(2)應(yīng)用:利用偏振濾光片攝影、觀看立體電影等。
1、自然光和偏振光的定義
(1)光的偏振
偏振光:自然光通過偏振片后,在垂直于傳播方向的平面上,只沿一個(gè)特定的方向振動(dòng),叫偏振光。
①光的偏振也證明了光是一種波,而且是橫波。各種電磁波中電場(chǎng)E的方向、磁場(chǎng)B的方向和電磁波的傳播方向之間,兩兩互相垂直。
②光波的感光作用和生理作用主要是由電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度E引起的,因此將E的振動(dòng)稱為光振動(dòng)。
③自然光。太陽(yáng)、電燈等普通光源直接發(fā)出的光,包含垂直于傳播方向上沿一切方向振動(dòng)的光,而且沿各個(gè)方向振動(dòng)的光波的強(qiáng)度都相同,這種光叫自然光。
自然光射到兩種介質(zhì)的界面上,如果光的入射方向合適,使反射和折射光之間的夾角恰好是90°,這時(shí),反射光和折射光就都是偏振光,且它們的偏振方向互相垂直。我們通常看到的絕大多數(shù)光都是偏振光。
The only survivor of a shipwreck was washed up on a small,uninhabited island.He prayed __1__ for God to rescue him,and every day he __2__ the horizon for help,but no one seemed forthcoming.
__3__,he eventually managed to build a little __4__ out of driftwood to protect him from the elements,and to __5__ his few possessions.
But then one day,after __6__ for food,he arrived home to find his little hut in __7__,the smoke rolling up to the __8__.The worst had happened:everything was __9__.He was fainted with grief and __10__. “God,how could you do this to me!” he __11__.
Early the next day,however,he was __12__ by the sound of a ship that was __13__ the island.It had come to __14__ him. “How did you know I was here?” asked the __15__ man of his rescuers. “We saw your smoke __16__,” they replied.
It is easy to get __17__ when things are going __18__.But we shouldn’t lose __19__.Remember,next time your little hut is __20__ to the ground it just may be a smoke signal that calls for help.
1.A.gladly B.madly C.regularly D.loudly
解析:從“The only survivor of a shipwreck was washed up on a small,uninhabited island.”知道,這個(gè)人是遇到船失事,所以當(dāng)他來到一個(gè)荒無人煙的島上時(shí),他拼命地祈求上帝來拯救他。
答案:B
2.A.researched B.broadened C.scanned D.expanded
解析:根據(jù)后面的the horizon for help知道,這個(gè)人每天都觀察地平線,渴望有船只出現(xiàn)。
答案:C
3.A.Panicked B.Excited C.Hungered D.Tired
解析:結(jié)合前面的“but none seemed forth coming”知道,始終沒有人來,所以他很疲憊。
答案:D
4.A.hut B.tent C.house D.palace
解析:從第三段的“find his little hut”知道,是hut。
答案:A
5.A.gather B.hide C.store D.collect
解析:這個(gè)人修建了一間小木屋,目的防風(fēng)避雨,并且儲(chǔ)存自己的那點(diǎn)財(cái)產(chǎn)。
答案:C
6.A.preparing B.hunting C.hoping D.a(chǎn)sking
解析:根據(jù)后面的for food知道,這個(gè)人去尋找食物。
答案:B
7.A.messes B.tears C.ruins D.flames
解析:根據(jù)后面的“the smoke rolling up to the sky”知道,是濃煙升到了空中,in flames表示他的小木屋失火了。
答案:D
8.A.sky B.roof C.a(chǎn)ir D.chimney
解析:木屋的火當(dāng)然是升到空中了,所以sky正確。
答案:A
9.A.done B.hurt C.lost D.damaged
解析:由前面的“hut in flames”知道,他所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)都失去了,被火焚燒殆盡。
答案:C
10.A.satisfaction B.a(chǎn)nger C.comfort D.trouble
解析:因?yàn)樗男∧疚荼换馃耍赃@個(gè)人應(yīng)該很生氣,故選B項(xiàng)。
答案:B
11.A.apologized B.a(chǎn)sked C.said D.cried
解析:從前面的“how could you do this to me”知道,這個(gè)人大聲地叫嚷。
答案:D
12.A.awakened B.bothered C.revived D.a(chǎn)ffected
解析:根據(jù)“Early the next day”知道,是一大清晨,所以這個(gè)人被吵醒了。
答案:A
13.A.harboring B.colliding C.a(chǎn)pproaching D.circling
解析:指船逼近這個(gè)島。
答案:C
14.A.inform B.rescue C.employ D.a(chǎn)rrest
解析:船來到這里當(dāng)然是為了拯救他。
答案:B
15.A.article B.responsible C.nosy D.weary
解析:“weary man”表示一個(gè)精疲力竭的人。
答案:D
16.A.signal B.sign C.symbol D.mark
解析:根據(jù)最后一段的“a smoke signal”知道,是火的信號(hào)。
答案:A
17.A.inspired B.discouraged C.impressed D.a(chǎn)ddicted
解析:結(jié)合后面的when things are going bad知道,人們?cè)谟龅讲恍业臅r(shí)候很容易灰心喪氣,所以B項(xiàng)符合題意。
答案:B
18.A.dead B.well C.bad D.wrong
解析:從前面的“It is easy to get discouraged”知道,容易使人灰心喪氣,應(yīng)該是在事情變壞的時(shí)候。
答案:C
19.A.heart B.soul C.strength D.dignity
解析:lose heart是固定詞組,表示“灰心”的意思。
答案:A
20.A.moldering B.building C.trembling D.burning
解析:從“it just may be a smoke signal that calls for help”知道,hut失火(burning)。
答案:D
5.The work took us a week to finish.
→It took us a week to finish the work.
→We spent a week on the work.
→We spent a week(in)finishing the work.
4.Some animals have to accommodate to changes in climate.
3.These reforms will not remove poverty and injustice.
2.We didn’t plan it like that but it worked out very well.
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