3.(★★★★★)The manager has had some problems________whether they should borrow the money from the banker.

　　 A.to decide B.deciding

　　 C.decided D.having decided

2.(★★★★★)A:Were you busy last weekend?

　　 B:Very.Rather than________time playing cards as usual,I devoted every effort to ________an advertisement.

　　 A.waste;make B.wasting;making

　　 C.to waste;make D.a waste of ;making

1.(★★★★)________the big snake,the little girl stood under the tree________out of her life.

　　 A.Seeing;frightened B.Seeing;frightening

　　 C.Seen;frightened D.To see;frightening

2.分詞

　　 1)分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)：

　　 ①分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，現(xiàn)在分詞有一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)。一般時(shí)表示和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；完成時(shí)(having +過去分詞)表示在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：

　　 Being a student,he was interested in books.

　　 He hurried home,looking behind him as he went.

　　 Having studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the place very well.

　　 ②現(xiàn)在分詞有一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)，且有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，分詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作，就用分詞完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。例如：

　　 The question being discussed is of great importance.Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.

　　 過去分詞表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，本身有被動(dòng)的含義，所以只有一般式，沒有完成時(shí)。

　　 2)分詞的用法：

　　 ①作定語。分詞短語作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個(gè)分詞作定語時(shí)，放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如：

　　 China is a developing country.The man standing at the window is our teacher.Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.

　　 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。

　　 如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，而要用定語從句。例如：

　　 The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.

　　 ②作狀語：分詞或分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例如：

　　 Being too old ,he couldn’t walk that far.

　　 While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.(時(shí)間)

　　 The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式)

　　 Standing on the building,you can see the whole city. (條件)

　　 注意：a.分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語一致。b.表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時(shí)可由連接詞while或when引導(dǎo)。c.有時(shí)，“with(without)+名詞(或代詞賓語)+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨情況。例如：

　　 The spy sat on the ground,his hands tied behind his back.

　　 d.當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時(shí)，分詞必須有自己的主語。例如:

　　 Time permitting,I will finish another lesson.Her glasses broken,she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard.

　　 ③作表語。例如：

　　 The new’s inspiring.You shouldn’t try to stand up if you are badly hurt.

　　 ④作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如：

　　 We saw the teacher making the experiment.John will get his room painted.

　　 注意：在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等動(dòng)詞后，既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，也可以用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，但兩者的含義是有差別的。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生(即處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結(jié)束)，用不定式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了(即動(dòng)作全過程結(jié)束了)。例如：

　　 I saw the girl getting on the bus.

　　 I saw the girl get on the bus and drive off.

　　 He had his foot hurt in the fall.He had his clothes washed.(他叫別人洗了衣服)

　 　We had the fire burning all day.(我們使火燃燒了一整天)

　　 注意：“have +賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”表示主體使客體處于某種狀態(tài)或干什么事；“have+賓語+過去分詞”表示動(dòng)作是別人做的或與主體意志無關(guān)。

　　 3)過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式及完成被動(dòng)式作狀語時(shí)的比較：

　　 ①過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式作狀語表示伴隨動(dòng)作或行為方式時(shí)，兩者無多大區(qū)別，習(xí)慣上常用過去分詞。例如：

　　 (Being)Seized with a sudden fear,she gave a scream.

　　 He came in,followed by a group of students.

　　 在某些情況下，二者則是有區(qū)別的。例如：

　　 Badly polluted ,the water cannot be drunk.(原因)

　　 Being written in haste,the composition is full of mistakes.(原因，強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過程，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)

　　 ②過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作，在意義上無多大區(qū)別。例如：

　　 (Having been)weakened by storms，the bridge was no longer safe.但有時(shí)是有區(qū)別的。例如：

　　 Having been deserted(拋棄)by his guide,he couldn’t find his way through the jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)。

　　 Asked to stay,I couldn’t very well refuse.(這里asked可能意味著having been asked,也可能意味著when/since I was asked，但若用having been asked，就不會(huì)有歧義)下面句子中過去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同，所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如：

　　 Covered with confusion,I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。

　　 United,we stand;divided,we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。

　　 ③有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般時(shí)的被動(dòng)式與其完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)式完全同義，皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作，這時(shí)用一般時(shí)的被動(dòng)時(shí)較好。例如：

　　 Being surrounded (Having been surrounded),the enemy troops were forced to surrender.

　　 4)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞意義上的區(qū)別：及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞表示“被動(dòng)、完成”(不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞只表示“完成”)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行”。動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞所描寫的常是一種“動(dòng)態(tài)”情景；其過去分詞所描寫的往往是一種靜態(tài)情景，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生后事物所處的狀態(tài)，試看下面的例子：

　　 When the autumn wind blows,you can see yellow leaves falling off trees.(樹葉正在下落)

　　 He fell onto the fallen leaves inches thick and didn’t hurt himself(落葉)

　　 There stands a pine tree,covering the entrance of the cave.(正覆蓋著，表示動(dòng)作)

　　 We found his forehead covered with sweat.(描寫滿臉是汗的狀態(tài))

　　 ●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練

1.動(dòng)名詞

　　 1)動(dòng)名詞的用法：

　　 ①作主語。例如：

　　 Seeing is believing. Collecting information is very important to business man. It is no use sitting here waiting.

　　 注意：動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語，動(dòng)名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為，不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作。例如：

　　 Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)

　　 To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一具體動(dòng)作)

　　 但在it is no use/good,not any use /good,uselss等后一般用動(dòng)名詞。

　　 ②作表語。例如：

　　 My job is teaching English.

　　 ③作賓語。例如：

　 　He is fond of playing football.

　　 He finished reading the book yesterday.

　　 ④作定語，a sitting room

　　 2)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的一般規(guī)則是：

　　 ①邏輯主語是有生命的名詞：作主語時(shí)，必須用名詞或代詞所有格，作賓語時(shí)(尤其在口語中)，也可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格。例如：

　　 Their coming to help us was a great encour agement to us.(主語)

　　 She didn’t mind Jack(him)coming late.(賓語)

　　 They insist on Tom’s(his)staying longer.(介賓)

　　 ②邏輯主語是無生命名詞時(shí)，只用名詞普通格。例如：

　　 Is there any hope of our team winning the match?

　　 ③邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞this, that, somebody, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone時(shí)，只用普通格。例如：

　　 She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.

　　 3)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)：動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)分一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)兩種。如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作沒有明確地表示出時(shí)間是與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，用動(dòng)名詞的一般時(shí)。例如：

　　 We are interested in collecting stamps.

　　 His coming will be of great help to us.

　　 如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如：

　　 We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.

　　 但是在某些動(dòng)詞或詞組后，常用動(dòng)名詞的一般形式，盡管其動(dòng)作是在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。例如：

　　 On hearing the bad news，she couldn’t help crying.

　　 I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time。

　　 4)動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)：動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)也有一般時(shí)與完成時(shí)兩種。當(dāng)主語是這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作對(duì)象時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“being+過去分詞”或“having been+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如：

　　 The young man came in without being noticed. He likes being helped.

　　 He was afraid of being left at home.

　　 The house showed no sign of having been damaged.

　　 有些動(dòng)名詞在句中是主動(dòng)形式，但有被動(dòng)的含義。例如：

　　 The house requires/needs/wants repairing.

　　 注：在to be worth doing句型中，動(dòng)名詞doing表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如：

　　 If a thing is worth doing，it is worth doing well.

2.________such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river.

　　 A.Having suffered B.Suffering

　　 C.To suffer D.Suffered

　　 命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)分詞的掌握，屬于五星級(jí)題目。

　　 知識(shí)依托:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)表示分詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前發(fā)生。

　　 錯(cuò)解分析:B項(xiàng)迷惑性較大�，F(xiàn)在分詞的一般時(shí)表明分詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)和句子謂語表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或進(jìn)行。

　　 解題方法與技巧：分清現(xiàn)在分詞的一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)所表示的含義不同。

　　 答案：A

　　 ●錦囊妙計(jì)

1.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

　　 -Well,now I regret________that.

　　 A.to do B.to be doing

　　 C.to have done D.having done

　　 命題意圖：考查學(xué)生對(duì)動(dòng)詞regret的掌握，屬于四星級(jí)題目。

　　 知識(shí)依托：regret doing結(jié)構(gòu)表示后悔做了某件事。

　　 錯(cuò)解分析：C項(xiàng)迷惑性較大。

　　 解題方法與技巧：從對(duì)話所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容來看，在會(huì)上提反對(duì)意見的人對(duì)其行為感到后悔。

　　 答案：D

4.(★★★★)-I must apologize for________ahead of time.

　　 -That’s all right.

　　 A.letting you not know B.not letting you know

　　 C.letting you know not D.letting not you know

　　 ●案例探究

3.(★★★★)________is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

　　 A.The walk B.Walking

　　 C.To walk D.Walk

2.(★★★★★)How about the two of us________a walk down the garden?

　　 A.to take B.take

　　 C.taking D.to be taking