2、 語法性的倒裝
A→各種疑問句的倒裝
例:1)Are you against the plan?
2)What do you like best?
●注意:但如果主語是由一個疑問詞表示的或修飾的,語序不變。
例:1)Who did it? (疑問詞who是主語,語序不變?nèi)詾橹髡Zwho+謂語did)
2)How many students in your school joined the army ?
(分析:主語students由how many修飾,語序不變。)
B→there be句型中的倒裝
在此句型中,主語總是在謂語之后,無論是在陳述句中還是疑問句中。
例:1)There were no school or hospitals there before.
2)Is there any ink in the bottle?
C→直接引語中的倒裝
a. 直接引語的一部分或全部放在句首時,它的主語(說話人)和謂語(引述動詞)常要倒裝。
b. 但當主語是代詞或謂語動詞含有助動詞時,一般不倒裝。
c. 另外,如果謂語比主語長,或是它后面有賓語時,一般也不倒裝。
例:1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man
2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.
3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom.
4)“I am hungry”,she had said.
D→省略if的虛擬語氣條件句中的倒裝
If引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣,條件句中如含有助動詞were, should和had時,可以使用倒裝。
句型:were/should/had+主語+……
=if+主語+were/should/had……
當if省略時,助動詞were, should和had要倒裝到主語前去;而if不省略時,主語和助動詞用正常語序。
例:1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.
=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.
2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.
3)Had you my troubles, you would despair.
=If you had my troubles, you would despair.
E→so,nor,neither用于句首時的倒裝
當so,nor,neither用于句首,說明前面一句話中謂語表示的情況也適用于另外一個人或物時,句子要用倒裝。
|
含義 |
用法 |
倒裝句型 |
so |
也 |
用于肯定句 |
So+be(have;助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語 |
nor/ neither |
也不,也沒有 |
用于否定句 |
Neither/nor+be(have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語 |
例:1) A: I have had my breakfast.
B: So have I.
2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages.
B: So can I.
3)A: Will you go home this weekend?
B: After that we never saw her again.
4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.
F→as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的倒裝
形容詞 名詞(不帶冠詞) |
+as+主語+系動詞be,主語+動詞
副詞/實義動詞 +as+主語+動詞,主語+動詞
分別敘述如下:
句型一:形容詞+as+主語+系動詞be
例:1)Young as he is,he knows a lot of things.
=Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things.
=He is young but he knows a lot of things.
句型二:名詞(不帶冠詞)+as+主語+系動詞be
例:1)King as he is,he is unhappy.
=Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy.
=He is a king, but he is unhappy.
2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.
=Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.
句型三:副詞+as+主語+動詞
1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.
=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it.
=I like it much, but I won’t buy it.
2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him.
句型四:實義動詞+as+主語+助動詞
1)Try as she does, she will never find it.
=She tries but she will never find it.
2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy.
▲3.修辭性的倒裝(?純(nèi)容)
除了語法性倒裝之外,有些倒裝是由于修辭的原因而采用的,叫做修辭性倒裝。
A→否定詞放在句首時的倒裝
句型:否定詞+助動詞/be動詞+主語
▲常見放在句首的否定詞
By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration,
under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示決不
barely 簡直沒有 hardly 幾乎不 scarcely 幾乎不
never 從不 rarely 很少 little 幾乎沒有;一點也不
seldom 很少 only 只有 not 不,沒有
not…until… 直到…才… nowhere 沒有地方,無處
not a bit 一點也不 not only…but also… 不但…而且…
例:1)Barely does he have enough money to live on.
=He barely has enough money to live on.
2) By no means is translation easy.
=Translation is by no means easy.
3)Little did I think that I would lose the game.
=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.
(注:這里not at all=little 譯為:一點也不)
在上面表格所列到的否定詞中,有幾個詞是強調(diào)兩個動作的緊密相接,說明如下:
a. hardly…when… 一…就…
例:Hardly did he see me when he ran away.
=As soon as he saw me, he ran away.
b. scarcely…when… 一…就…
例:Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.
c. no sooner…than… 一…就…
例:No sooner had they reached home than it rained.
=It rained as soon as they reached home.
d. not only…but also… 不但…而且…
例:1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.
=I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.
2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.
B→副詞(短語)放在句首時的倒裝
以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副詞(短語)為首的句子中,要倒裝以表示特別強調(diào)的語氣。例:
1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to.
=The time we had been looking forward to came then.
2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.
=Summer begins in June, July and August came then.
3) Out rushed the boy.
4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties.
5) 比較: He was very angry. He didn’t say a word.
He was very angry. Not a word did he say.
6)比較: I shall never be late for school.
Never again shall I be late for school.
C→only+副詞在句首時的倒裝
Only+副詞/副詞短語/狀語從句+助動詞/be+主語
例:1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.
I realized I made such a big mistake only then.
2) Only in this way can you worked it out.
3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.
4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.
=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.
D→頻度副詞在句首時的倒裝
頻度副詞always, often, once出現(xiàn)在句首時,句子要倒裝。
例:1)Often did we warn them not to do so.
2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.
=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.
Summary:主語和謂語的順序分為兩種:
自然語序:主語+謂語
倒裝語序:謂語+主語
1、 部分倒裝和全部倒裝
我們通常使用的語序是自然語序,即主語在前,謂語在后,但有時謂語的全部或一部分提到主語的前面,即采用倒裝語序。倒裝的原因,或是語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,或是為了強調(diào)。
A→部分倒裝
部分倒裝是謂語中的一部分(如:助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或系動詞be)放在主語前面,其余部分仍放在主語后面。
例:ⅰ)Only in this way can we work at the physics problem.(情態(tài)動詞)
ⅱ)Never had he had any experience like that.(助動詞)
ⅲ)Not only is he a singer,but also he is a dancer.(系動詞)
B→全部倒裝
全部倒裝是句子中沒有助動詞,情態(tài)動詞或系動詞be時,要把謂語動詞放在主語的前面。
例:Here comes the bus.
Up went the arrow in to the sky.
The door opened and in came a group of soldiers.
● 例外:這時如果主語是人稱代詞,則主謂不倒裝。
例:Here he comes.
Here you are. 給你
Here we are. 我們到了
▲ 重點:在英語中,從形式上可分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝,我們?yōu)榱耸褂诶斫猓可以把它分為語法性倒裝。這是由于語法上的需要而必須倒裝的句子,還有一種是修飾性倒裝,顧名思義,這些句子如果不是特意加以強調(diào),可以不必倒裝。
2、 狀語的語序
在句子中如果同時有時間狀語和地點狀語時,先地點后時間:地點狀語→時間狀語,這和漢語中狀語的語序不同,漢語是先時間后地點。
例:Ⅰ)My mother has lunch at the factory at noon.
Ⅱ)At the airport last night two events take place.
Ⅲ)I stayed there for 3 weeks last year.
在英語中,一般常見的語序為“主語+謂語+賓語”,此語序與漢語基本相同,但定語在句子的位置,中文和英文略有差異,下面舉例說明:
1、 定語的語序
(1)當定語是單詞或動詞–ing 形式時,在英語中多將定語放在被修飾的前面,與漢語相同!
例:He is a naughty boy. (形容詞)
(2)當定語是短語或定語從句時,其中短語包括:介詞短語,分詞短語,不定式短語,放在修飾詞的后面。
例: I)She had a basket (full of apples) (短語)
II) The boy (who is sleeping) is my little brother. (定語從句)
III)The students(in the room)are from Asia.(介詞短語)
(3)當定語是副詞或某些過去分詞時,放在所修飾詞后面。
例:I) The women (here) are for you.(副詞)
II) I like the books (written) by him.(過去分詞)
(三)中國古代人口變動的因素有
第一, 國家多人身控制的程度;
第二,與疆域的增縮和統(tǒng)治范圍的變化有關(guān)。
第三,與封建統(tǒng)治的深化有關(guān),統(tǒng)治穩(wěn)固時,人口統(tǒng)計相對真實,隱匿人口現(xiàn)象減少。
第四,與社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和人口觀念有關(guān)系。
例題訓(xùn)練
清初是我國封建社會的衰落時期,又是我國歷史上著名的“康乾盛世”,應(yīng)如何認識這種“衰落”與“盛世”的關(guān)系?概括“衰落”的具體表現(xiàn),分析盛世局面形成的原因。
(二)中國史籍中保留了極為豐富的人口資料。
先秦時約在一、二千萬左右;西漢平帝時約五千九百余萬;
東漢初兩千七百余萬;東漢中期約五千萬;
唐初一千萬;開元時期五千萬;
明朝永樂時期四千五百萬;清初三千萬;清乾隆初年一億四千萬;道光時期四億一千萬。
其發(fā)展趨勢呈周期性變動,人口增長呈馬鞍型,其頻率和王朝盛衰、更替相同。
(一)人口對于自然經(jīng)濟下的中國有著極為重要的意義。
人力是當時生產(chǎn)力的主體,是小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟的支撐。人丁,是封建國家賦役制度的具體承擔者。
人口的多寡和國土的多少一樣,是當時社會的治亂、國力盛衰的標志。
但是,到了清朝,由于攤丁入畝、戰(zhàn)亂減少等原因,人口急劇增加,帶來嚴重的社會問題。如人多地少,盲目墾荒,造成嚴重的水土流失和洪澇災(zāi)害。這一后果一直影響到現(xiàn)在。
(二)封建經(jīng)濟處在漸趨衰退的歷史狀態(tài)中,但封建經(jīng)濟占主導(dǎo)地位。清初統(tǒng)治者逐步調(diào)整統(tǒng)治政策,對農(nóng)業(yè)、手工業(yè)發(fā)展起了一定作用。使封建經(jīng)濟得到進一步發(fā)展。
原因:調(diào)整統(tǒng)治政策--一條鞭法;鼓勵墾荒,更名田;攤丁入畝
特點:邊疆地區(qū)得到開發(fā),農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變化顯著;商業(yè)空前繁榮;對外貿(mào)易逐漸停滯。
我國賦役制度的變革
比較明朝一條鞭法和清朝的攤丁入畝,其相同點和不同點分別說明了什么?
相同點:都征收銀兩,都簡化了稅收項目和手續(xù)。
說明:明朝后期以來,白銀成為普遍流通的貨幣,商品經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展要求稅制簡單便捷。
不同點:一條鞭法既量地又計丁,沒有廢除人頭稅。攤丁入畝把丁銀攤?cè)胩镔x,廢除了人頭稅。
說明:封建社會末期農(nóng)民的封建依附關(guān)系逐漸削弱。
中國古代的人口問題
(一)資本主義萌芽--是指資本主義生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的萌芽,它的出現(xiàn),會促使封建社會逐漸瓦解。
明朝中后期,中國資本主義萌芽在江南一帶產(chǎn)生,但受到明清兩代封建經(jīng)濟嚴重壓抑和阻礙,中國資本主義萌芽只能緩慢發(fā)展。
條件:農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展;手工業(yè)的進步和商品經(jīng)濟的空前繁榮
明朝
標志:機戶出資,機工出力的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)
資本主義萌芽及其發(fā)展
清朝 發(fā)展:規(guī)模更大;分工更細;行業(yè)更多
特點:不占主導(dǎo)地位;發(fā)展緩慢
分析資本主義萌芽緩慢發(fā)展的原因
第一,封建的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)非常頑固。由于地主制經(jīng)濟的存在,封建地租很重,農(nóng)民極端貧困,無力從市場上購買手工業(yè)品,影響了手工業(yè)的擴大再生產(chǎn)。又由于小農(nóng)業(yè)和家庭手工業(yè)緊密結(jié)合的小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟阻礙社會分工,對獨立手工業(yè)和資本主義萌芽起著限制作用。
第二,封建上層建筑的反作用。封建政府為鞏固政治統(tǒng)治,必然要采取維護封建經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)的措施:重農(nóng)抑商,閉關(guān)鎖國,設(shè)立關(guān)卡征收重稅,限制手工工業(yè)的規(guī)模,殘酷剝削農(nóng)民等。
第三,建立在封建土地所有制基礎(chǔ)上的舊的經(jīng)濟觀念,使地主、商人、高利貸者在其構(gòu)成的三位一體的剝削體系中,互相轉(zhuǎn)化,很少投資于手工業(yè)。(以末致富,以本守之)
根本原因:腐朽的封建制度嚴重阻礙了生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展。
關(guān)于中國古代兩種經(jīng)濟形式的分析
兩種經(jīng)濟形式是什么?--資本主義萌芽和自然經(jīng)濟
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