A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China. Researchers estimate that the half-billion people alive there in the 1990s will live an average of 5 years less than their southern counterparts because they breathed dirtier air.
China itself made the comparison possible: for decades, a now-discontinued government policy provided free coal for heating, but only in the colder north. Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions.
While previous studies have found that pollution affects human health, "the deeper and ultimately more important question is the impact on life expectancy," said one of the researchers, Michael Greenstone, a professor of environmental economics at Massachusetts Institute of 一Technology. "This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the(heating) policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations（含量），，，Greenstone said in an email. "Further, due to the low rates of migration in China in this period, we can know people's exposure over long time periods," he said.
The policy gave free coal for fuel boilers to heat homes and offices to cities north of the Huai Riv饑which divides China into north and south. It was in effect for much of the 1950-198,0 period of central planning, and, though discontinued after 1980, it has left a legacy（遺留） in the north of heavy coal burning, which releases particulate pollutants into the air that can harm human health. Researchers found no other government policies that treated China's north differently from the south.
The researchers collected data for 90 cities, from 1981 to 2000, on the annual daily average concentration of total suspended（懸浮的）particulates. In China, those are considered to be particulates that are 100 micrometers or less in diameter, sent out from sources including power stations, construction sites and vehicles. Among them, PM2.5 is of especially great health concern because it can go deep into the lungs.
The researchers estimated the impact on life expectancies using death data from 1991-2000． They found that in the north, the concentration of particulates was 184 micrograms per cubic meter一or 55 percent higher than in the south, and life expectancies were 5.5 years lower on average across all age ranges.
小題1:The main idea of this passage is that＿·
A．research in China finds air pollution shortened life expectancy
B．the government provided free coal for heating in North China
C．coal burning causes bad air quality across China
D．a(chǎn) new study finds different particulates in South China
小題2:According to Greenstone,＿greatly contributed to the high pollution concentrations in North China.
A．power stationsB．construction sites
C．the free heating policyD．gases from vehicles
小題3:It is implied in the passage that＿·
A．coal is no longer used for heating in North China
B．a(chǎn)ir quality was comparatively better in South China
C．southerners burned coals for heating in the 1980s
D．people preferred to live in South China after 1980
小題4:The underlined word "particulates" most probably means＿．
A．dirty cloudsB．particular smoke
C．harmful dustD．dangerous bacteria

小題1:A
小題2:C
小題3:B
小題4:C

試題分析：這篇文章講的是中國(guó)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)空氣污染縮短人的壽命。北方的人的平均壽命低于南方，就是因?yàn)楸狈降目諝馕廴疽饶戏絿?yán)重。
小題1:主旨題：從全篇文章和第一段的句子：A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China.可知這篇文章講的是中國(guó)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)空氣污染縮短人的壽命。選A
小題2:細(xì)節(jié)題：從文章第四段的句子："This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the (heating) policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations（含量）可知根據(jù)Greenstone 所說(shuō)，免費(fèi)供暖政策很大程度上導(dǎo)致中國(guó)北方的污染含量高的問題。選C
小題3:推理題：從文章第二段的句子：Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions.可知中國(guó)南方的空氣質(zhì)量相對(duì)好一些。選B
小題4:猜詞題：從倒數(shù)第二段的句子：In China, those are considered to beparticulates that are 100 micrometers or less in diameter, sent out from sources including powerstations, construction sites and vehicles.可知"particulates" 指的是“有害的灰塵”，選C
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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The dark chocolate is one of the favourite food choices by many.The taste is simply irresistible，the smell is tempting and the feel of every bite is surely what you are craving for.
Aside from the taste，you simply cannot resist it because it has a lot of benefits when it comes to your health.Our health is our priority(首要事情) when it comes to the choice of our foods.If you worry that the chocolate is bad for your health then here is a list of the effects of dark chocolate to health especially when taken with the right amount every day.
First of all，it contains a component called flavonoid(類黃酮) which acts as an antioxidant(抗氧化劑)．The_antioxidants_fight_the_common_signs_of_aging.The antioxidants are also good for the heart.Studies have shown that people who ate foods rich in antioxidants have low incidence of heart diseases.
Aside from the anti­aging and healthy heart benefits，the dark chocolate can also lower blood pressure and reduce bad cholesterol(膽固醇) to as high as 10%.Lowering of blood pressure in patients of high blood level is good because it will lower the risks of stroke and certain health crisis.Low levels of blood cholesterol are also good for the heart and take away the risk of blood vessels which may harden for too much cholesterol in them.
Lastly，do you know the feeling of being overjoyed after jogging？This feeling is like extreme happiness.Dark chocolates will give you the feeling of pleasure and happiness.If you are feeling that the world has turned against you，then a chocolate can be a mood lifter.It is an antidepressant.Usually when we feel so bad，we would crave to eat more food.If you are looking for something to eat during your bad moments try to take a bite from a dark chocolate and feel good somehow after it.
These are commonly the effects of chocolates to health.It can benefit you especially if taken in moderate amounts.Approximately,100 grams of chocolate or less a day is already enough according to studies.If you have taken too much，try to lessen on your other meals for the day.It is all about nutrition and taking the right amount of food in order to get the health benefits that it can provide to you.
小題1:According to the text，________.
A．many people like the dark chocolate for its taste
B．the dark chocolate is the best choice for most people
C．nobody could resist the tempting smell of the dark chocolate
D．only a bite of the dark chocolate will make you addicted to it
小題2:The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 suggests that dark chocolates ________.
A．a(chǎn)re the best choices for the aged
B．a(chǎn)re usually used as an antioxidant
C．can keep you stay young forever
D．can make you look younger than your real age
小題3:What can we learn from Paragraph 5?
A．If you are depressed dark chocolates will make you delighted.
B．If you are feeling bad you will crave to eat dark chocolates.
C．If you eat some dark chocolates you will get overjoyed.
D．If you are hungry the best food is dark chocolates.
小題4:What is the purpose of the author writing this text?
A．To introduce the black chocolate to patients with high blood level.
B．To encourage us to eat as many chocolates as we can.
C．To introduce the black chocolate and its health effects.
D．To increase the sale of the black chocolate.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

In every school there is a “top” crowd that sets the pace, while the others follow their lead. Let’s say the top crowd decides that it is smart to wear bright red sweaters. Pretty soon everybody is wearing a bright red sweater. 
There is nothing wrong with that, except the fact that on some people bright red sweater is extremely unbecoming. The situation can even become dangerous, if the top crowd decides that it is smart to drink or to drive cars at seventy miles an hour. Then the people who follow the lead are endangering their lives. They are like the sheep being led to the butcher. 
Now, chances are that you have come across situations like these more than once in your life; chances are that one time or another you probably did something you knew to be wrong. You may have excused yourself by saying, “Gee, the crowd does it.” Well, let the crowd do it, but don’t do it yourself. Learn to say, “No.”
Develop your own standards and your own judgment. If you know the crowd is planning something you disagree to, have the courage to bow out mannerly. You’ll have the satisfaction of standing on your own two feet. 
小題1:Which is the best title for this passage? 
A．Follow the Lead.B．Top Crowd.C．Being Yourself.D．Bright Red.
小題2:The author doesn’t think it good wearing red sweaters if ________. 
A．the crowd does itB．you can’t afford them
C．you don’t look good in redD．the situation isn’t safe
小題3:According to the passage, people who follow the crowd ________. 
A．sometimes do things against their better judgment
B．make mistakes blindly
C．a(chǎn)re willing to put their lives in danger
D．will in the end become pace-setters

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Studies show that laughter is something that makes you feel calm or relaxed for both physical and psychological wounds though it may seem futile to laugh in the face of pain and fear.
When Dan Rather interviewed comedian Bill Cosby just one week after his son, Ennis, was killed, Cosby said, “I think it is time for me to tell people that we have to laugh. You can turn painful situations around through laughter. If you can find humor in anything, you can survive it.”
Call it a flashlight for dark times: laughter just seems to adjust attitude better than anything else. Inspirational speaker Steve Rizzo recalls a TV interview with an injured firefighter a few days after 9.11．The man had fallen more than 30 stories in one of the towers and had broken a leg. Everyone was crying, and the reporter asked, “How is it that you’ve come out of this alive?” He looked at her and without missing a beat, said, “Look, lady, I’m from New York and I’m a firefighter; that’ all you need to know.”
“Everyone laughed and though the laughter was only a couple of seconds,” says Rizzo. “Sometimes that’s all you need to catch your second breath. Laughter gives you that couple of seconds. You’re sending a message to your brain, and the message is: If you can still laugh even a little among the pain, you are going to be OK.”
Of course, there is a difference between laughing off a serious situation and laughing off the fear that results. The firefighter was doing the latter, states Rizzo, the author of Becoming a Humorous Being, and so should we. “If there is anything we have learnt from 9.11, it’s how precious life really is,” she says. “We have to send a message that our spirit won’t die. One important thing that unites us is our ability to laugh.”  
小題1:The writer uses the examples of the comedian and the firefighter to show             .
A．laughter is a good way to get rid of pain and fear
B．laughter is the best way to cure psychological wounds
C．it is your attitude that decides whether you can survive the pain or not
D．laughing off a serious situation is different from laughing off the fear that results
小題2:We can infer from the passage that Steve Rizzo is             .
A．a(chǎn) reporterB．a(chǎn) soldierC．a(chǎn) firefighterD．a(chǎn) doctor
小題3:The underlined word futile in the first paragraph means          .
A．hopelessB．useless
C．carelessD．worthless
小題4:From the passage, we can know that Americans are                .
A．really inspired after 9.11B．hardly united after 9.11
C．nearly surprised by 9.11D．greatly hurt by 9.11

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Air pollution is a leading cause of cancer and classified among Group 1,or top, human carcinogens (致癌物質(zhì)), said the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is the World Health Organization's (WHO) cancer agency, on Oct 17,2013.
The most widely used system for classifying carcinogens comes from the IARC, which places them into five groups. Group 1 carcinogens definitely cause cancer in humans. Group 2A is probably carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B is possibly carcinogenic, the carcinogenicity of Group 3 in humans is unclassifiable, and Group 4 is probably not carcinogenic to humans. Only a little more than 100 are classified as Group 1 cancer-causing substances, including ultraviolet radiation and tobacco smoke.
“Our task was to evaluate the air everyone breathes rather than focus on specific air pollutants,” the lARC's Dana Loomis said in a statement. “The results from the reviewed studies point in the same direction: the risk of developing lung cancer is significantly increased in people exposed to air pollution.”
In 2010, lung cancer resulting from air pollution killed 223,000 people worldwide, and there was also convincing evidence that it increases the risk of bladder (膀腕) cancer, according to the IARC.
Air pollution is already known to raise risks for a wide range of illnesses, including respiratory and heart diseases.
Air pollution is global, although the levels of it vary over space and time.
Loomis said people in Asia, eastern North America, some places in Central America and Mexico, as well as North Africa have relatively high exposure. Developing countries with large populations and booming manufacturing sectors, such as China, are particularly at risk.
Many cities in China, such as Beijing, frequently see smog. This week, Harbin, the capital city of Heilongjiang province, became the first Chinese city to officially suspend classes due to serious smog
Many developed countries face similar problems, although to a lesser degree than most developing nations. In Europe, levels of many pollutants have fallen. But between 91 and 96 percent of Europeans living in cities are exposed to levels of PM2.5—tiny particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers—that are higher than the WHO safety limits, says a report published by the European Environment Agency on Oct 15.
Although both the composition and levels of air pollution can vary dramatically from one location to the other, the 1ARC said its conclusions apply to all regions of the world.
“Given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without further delay,” said Christopher Wild, director of the IARC.
小題1:What might be the best title of the passage?
A．Signals of air pollution
B．Safety limits of air pollution
C．Air pollution, cancer risk
D．Air pollution, smog risk
小題2:What’s the main task of IARC?
A．To focus on cancer-causing substances.
B．To evaluate the air quality.
C．To study the developing risk of cancer.
D．To send signals to the international community.
小題3:Why should the international community take action without further delay?
A．The composition and levels of air pollution vary from place to place.
B．More and more people in developing countries are exposed to air pollution.
C．Developed countries face air pollution, the level of which is higher than the safety limits.
D．A large number of people worldwide are exposed to air pollution.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Below are some smart ways to stay healthy suggested by some American experts.
Drink More Coffee
When was the last time you heard a doctor use the word miracle? Well, wake up and smell the coffee: “It’s amazing,” says liver specialist Sanjiv Chopra, MD, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. “Coffee is truly a lifesaving miracle drug.”
Though he says it’s still a “scientific mystery” how a simple cup of coffee works its wonders in the body, large epidemiological studies have repeatedly proved its astonishing benefits.
“Drink it black, or at most put a little skim milk in it” to minimize calories, Dr. Chopra recommends. He drinks at least four cups a day himself, though most people should limit themselves to two. And no, he jokes, “I’m not sponsored by Starbucks.”
Take a Walk for Your Memory
Aerobic (有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)的) exercise is good for your body, great for your mind, according to the latest research from brain-fitness pioneer Arthur Kramer. Every year, an area called the hippocampus, which is key to memory, shrinks by about 1 to 2 percent, increasing the risk of dementia (腦衰) as the years roll by. However, Kramer’s new investigations reveal that the hippocampi of adults who walked briskly for about 45 minutes three times a week grew by about 2 percent over the course of a year, preventing age-related shrinking.
It’s never too late to start exercising, Kramer says; volunteers in his research were between 55 and 80 years old and hadn’t exercised at all. And it doesn’t need to be backbreaking. “Anything that raises your heart rate seems to work,” he says. “Walking is fine. Just find something you like and do it.”
Early to Bed, Early to Eat
“Being a night owl might increase your waistline,” says sleep expert Michael Breus, PhD. People who stay up late and sleep late tend to eat more fast food and consume more of their calories after 8 p.m. than do normal sleepers.
“One of the easiest things that anyone on a diet can do to improve her results is go to bed and wake up at the same times every day,” Breus says. “This way, your body knows when to sleep and is much more efficient. Organize your eating, too, by trying to eat meals at the same times every day. Avoid eating after 8 p.m., and don’t miss morning meals by sleeping in.”
Use the 20-Second Rule
What’s the difference between having a goal and actually accomplishing it? Just 20 seconds, says positive-psychology specialist Shawn Achor. Researchers have learned that if we can cut 20 seconds off the startup time required for a task, we’re much more likely to follow through. So, for example, if you want to work out in the morning, place your shoes and exercise clothes next to your bed the night before. If you want to praise people more, put thank-you notes and a pen on your desk.
Imagine the Worst to Feel Better
Don’t count your blessings; subtract (扣除) them. “Consciously spend a few minutes imagining what your life would be like without the good things,” says Timothy Wilson, a psychologist at the University of Virginia. You’ll experience stronger feelings of love, gratitude, and happiness when you think about what life would be like without the people and things you love. “And they’ll seem surprising and special again,” he adds.
小題1: According to Sanjiv Chopra, most people should not drink more than ______ cups of coffee a day.
A．twoB．threeC．fourD．six
小題2:Which of the following may help people on a diet to improve their results?
A．Raising their heart rate.B．Taking a walk for their memory.
C．Eating at fixed times.D．Sleeping in every morning.
小題3:According to Shawn Achor, if people place their shoes and exercise clothes next to their bed at bedtime, they’re more likely to ______ the next morning.
A．do exerciseB．set a goal
C．cut 20 seconds offD．sleep 20 minutes more
小題4: Why should people spend a little time imagining their life without good things?
A．To experience surprise.B．To feel better.
C．To consider their own blessings.D．To prepare for the worst.

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Britons Learn to Forgive
LEEDS, England—A Leeds University psychology(心理學(xué)) professor is teaching a course to help dozens of Britons forgive their enemies.
“The hatred (仇恨) we hold within us is a cancer,” Professor Ken Hart said, adding that holding in anger can lead to problems such as high blood pressure and heart disease.
More than 70 people have become members in Hart’s first 20-week workshop in London—a course he says is the first of its kind in the world.
These are people who are sick and tired of living with a memory. They realize their bitterness is a poison they think they can pour out, but they end up drinking it themselves, said Canadian-born Hart.
The students meet in groups of eight to ten for a two-hour workshop with an adviser every fortnight.
The course ending in July, is expected to get rid of the cancer of hate in these people. “People have lots of negative attitudes towards forgiveness,” he said. “People confuse（混淆） forgiveness with forgetting. Forgiveness means changing from a negative attitude to a positive one.” Hart and his team have created instructions to provide the training needed.
“The main idea is to give you guidelines on how to look at various kinds of angers and how they affect you, and how to change your attitudes towards the person you are angry with, ”said Norman Claringbull, a senior expert on the forgiveness project.
Hart said he believes forgiveness is a skill that can be taught, as these people “want to get free of the past”.
小題1:From this passage we know that      .
A．high blood pressure and heart disease are caused by hatred
B．high blood pressure can only be cured by psychology professors
C．without hatred, people will have less trouble connected with blood and heart
D．people who suffer from blood pressure and heart disease must have many enemies
小題2:In Hart’s first 20-week workshop, people there can      .
A．meet their enemies
B．change their minds
C．enjoy the professor’s speech
D．learn how to quarrel with others
小題3:If you are a member in Hart’s workshop, you’ll      .
A．pay much money to Hart
B．go to the workshop every night
C．a(chǎn)ttend a gathering every fortnight
D．pour out everything stored in your mind
小題4:The author wrote this passage in order to      .
A．persuade us to go to Hart’s workshop
B．tell us the news about Hart’s workshop
C．tell us how to run a workshop like Hart’s
D．help us to look at various kinds of angers

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Women who own cats are more likely to have mental health problems and kill themselves because they can be infected by a common parasite that can be caught from cat litter, a study has found.
Researchers found women infected with the Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) parasite(剛地弓形蟲), which is spread through contact with cat waste or eating undercooked meat or unwashed vegetables, are at increased risk of attempting suicide.
The study involved more than 45,000 women in Denmark. About a third of the world’s population is infected with the parasite, which hides in cells in the brain and muscles, often without producing symptoms.
The infection, which is called toxoplasmosis(弓形蟲病), has been linked to mental illness, such as schizophrenia(精神分裂癥), and changes in behavior.
The study’s senior author Doctor Teodor Postolache, an associate professor of psychiatry(精神病學(xué)) at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in the United States, said, “We can’t say with certainty that T. gondii caused the women to try to kill themselves, but we did find a predictive association between the infection and suicide attempts later in life that deserves additional studies.”
Doctor Albert Reece, vice president of medical affairs at the University of Maryland, said, “T. gondii infection is a major public health problem around the world, and many people don’t realize they’re infected.
“Dr Postolache is a leading expert on suicide neuroimmunology(神經(jīng)免疫學(xué)). Suicide is a critically important mental health issue. About one million people commit suicide and another 10 million attempt suicide worldwide each year. We hope that this type of research will one day help us find ways to save many lives that now end too early in suicide.”
Dr. Postolache’s research team at the University of Maryland was the first to report a connection between T. gondii and suicidal behavior in 2009. He is cooperating with researchers in Denmark, Germany and Sweden to confirm and investigate the way leading to this association.
The T. gondii parasite thrives in the intestines of cats, and it is spread through their waste. All warm-blooded animals can become infected through contact with it. Humans can become infected by changing their infected cats’ litter boxes, eating unwashed vegetables, drinking water from a polluted source, or by eating undercooked or raw meat.
Not washing kitchen knives after preparing raw meat before handling another food item also can lead to infection. Pregnant women can pass the parasite directly to their unborn babies and are advised not to change cat litter boxes to avoid possible infection.
Babies don’t produce antibodies to T. gondii for three months after they are born, so the antibodies present in their blood represented infection in the mothers. The scientists studied Danish health patients to determine if any of these women later attempted suicide, including cases of violent suicide attempts which may have involved guns, sharp instruments and jumping from high places.
The study found that women infected with T. gondii were one and a half times more likely to attempt suicide compared to those who were not infected, and the risk seemed to rise with increasing levels of the T. gondii antibodies.
Dr Postolache noted limitations to the study, such as the inability to determine the cause of the suicidal behavior.
The findings were published online in the Archives of General Psychiatry.
小題1:The objects of the research are women from _____.
A．DemarkB．the USAC．GermanyD．Sweden
小題2:The common way which is more likely to be infected with the disease is _____.
A．to eat unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat
B．to clean a place where a cat once lived for a time
C．to pass the infection to her unborn baby during a woman’s pregnancy
D．to reuse kitchen tools which have been used to cut raw meat
小題3:What is the consequence if a woman is infected with the parasite in the passage?
A．Having a high fever.B．Doing deliberate self-harm.
C．Keeping a depressed mood.D．Becoming bad tempered.
53.
小題4: What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Women have a higher risk to be infected by the parasite than men.
B．The result of the research may help the scientists to find ways to stop suicide in advance.
C．The scientists will continue their research into the possible connection.
D．The risk of being infected seems to rise with the decreasing levels of the antibodies.
小題5:Which of the following statements would probably be the best title of the passage?
A．Why are women more likely to commit suicide?
B．Women should keep away from cats.
C．Ways found to deal with women’s mental problems.
D．Are women who own cats at a suicide risk?

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Are you having too much salt? You might not think so, but people in China eat on average (平均) about 12 grams of salt each day, that is much higher than the 6 grams suggested by the World Health Organization. You could be eating too much without realizing it, because about 75% of the salt we eat is already in the food we buy, such as bread, sauces, soups and sausages.
What problems can eating too much salt cause? To answer that question, first let’s take a look at what salt is.
Salt is a chemical compound. It is made of sodium (鈉) and chloride (氯化物). Salt is used to keep and flavor foods. A small amount of salt is important for good health because our bodies need sodium and chloride to work.
But past studies have found that people who eat more salt than they need tend to have high blood pressure. Eating too much salt has also been connected with other conditions, such as heart and kidney (腎) problems.
If you want to cut down on salt, the good news is, there are plenty of simple things to do. Here are some tips:
*Cut back on high salt foods.
Most foods contain some salt. But some foods such as cheese, bacon, pickles (泡菜), smoked fish and chips are almost always high in salt because of the way they are made. You can still enjoy them, but try to have these in smaller amounts, or eat them less often.
*Choose reduced salt bread and breakfast cereals.
Bread and breakfast cereals (谷物) are major source of salt in the diet, not that they’re necessarily high in salt but because we eat a lot of them. For these foods, there can be a really big difference between different types and brands. So next time you’re shopping, take the time to compare the salt levels on a few similar products. And always try to choose the ones lower in salt.
*Avoid adding salt to cooking and at table. Instead, you could use herbs and spices (香料) such as garlic (大蒜) and lemon juice to add flavor to meals.
小題1:Many people in China don’t realize they are eating too much salt because ______.
A．salty food tasted better than reduced salt food
B．they do not calculate the amount of salt they eat
C．a(chǎn)bout 3/4 of the salt we eat is already in the food we buy
D．few people experience problems from eating too much salt
小題2: For a healthier life, the author’s suggestion is to ________.
A．cut back on food with less salt
B．eat less heavily salted food
C．eat as much reduced salt bread as is wanted
D．stop eating bread and breakfast cereals
小題3:What is the purpose of the article?
A．To warn people of food containing too much salt.
B．To inform people of the right amount of salt taken each day.
C．To advise people to be careful about the amount of salt they eat.
D．To promote (促進(jìn)) the right way to make reduced salt food.

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