In the eighteenth century one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith, thought that “ the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country” provided revenue to “three different orders of people: those who live by rent, those who live by wages, and those who live by profit”. Each successive stage of the industrial revolution, however, made the social structure more complicated.?
Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth century between the upper middle class and the working class. There were small-scale industrialists as well as large ones, small shopkeepers and tradesmen, officials and salaried employees, skilled and unskilled workers, and professional men such as doctors and teachers. Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.?
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the possession of wealth inevitably affected a person’s social position. Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than that of their working-class parents. But they lacked social training of the upper class, who despised them as the “new rich.”?
They often sent their sons and daughters to special schools to acquire social training. Here their children, mixed with the children of the upper classes, were accepted by them, and very often found marriage partners from among them. In the same way, a thrifty, hardworking labourer, though not clever himself, might save for his son enough to pay for an extended secondary school education in the hope that he would move in a “white-collar” occupation, carrying with it a higher salary and a move up in the social scale.?
In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook. The upper classes no longer are the sole, or even the main possessors of wealth, power and education, though inherited social position still carries considerable prestige.
小題1:What criterion did Adam Smith seem to go by in his classification of social groups?
A．The amount of wealthB．The amount of money
C．The social statusD．The way of getting money
小題2:If you compare the first and second paragraph, what groups of people did Adam Smith leave out in his classification?
A．Officials and employees.B．Peasants and farmers.
C．Doctors and teachers.D．Tradesmen and landlords.
小題3:Who were the ‘new rich’ during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
A．They were still the upper class people.
B．They were owners of large factories.
C．They were intelligent industrialists.
D．They were skilled workers who made their fortune.
小題4:According to the passage, what did those people do who intended to make their children move up in the social ladder?
A．They saved a lot of money for their children to receive higher education.
B．They tried to find marriage partners from the children of the upper class.
C．They made greater fortunes by their wits.
D．They worked even harder to acquire social training.
小題5: In the twentieth century class differences have been partly smoothed out by ____.
A．increased income and decreased taxation
B．taxation, social services and educational opportunities
C．education, the increase of income and industrial development
D．the decrease of the upper class population

小題1:D
小題2:B
小題3:C
小題4:A
小題5:B

試題分析：本文是說(shuō)明文，講述18世紀(jì)亞當(dāng)斯密以社會(huì)的分類，其中沒有包括農(nóng)民，而隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展對(duì)高額的收入增加稅收，社會(huì)服務(wù)和教育機(jī)會(huì)的擴(kuò)大，階級(jí)差別逐漸模糊。
小題1:D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段提到the whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country” provided revenue to “three different orders of people: those who live by rent, those who live by wages, and those who live by profit”.這個(gè)社會(huì)分為三種，一種靠租房生活，一種靠工資生活，一種是靠利潤(rùn)生活，所以他的判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是以掙錢的方式來(lái)判斷，故選D項(xiàng)。
小題2:B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中所提到Farmers and peasants continued in all countries as independent groups.農(nóng)民是在所有的國(guó)家中是獨(dú)立的群體。這是Adam Smith所遺漏的。故選B項(xiàng)。
小題3:C文章的第三段Intelligent industrialists with initiative made fortunes by their wits which lifted them into an economic group far higher than that of their working-class parents指出“new rich”是指富有進(jìn)取心的精明企業(yè)家賃智慧而發(fā)財(cái)?shù)娜�，�?C為正確選項(xiàng)
小題4:A文章的第四段指出They often sent their sons and daughters to special schools to acquire social training.那些存有足夠的錢讓子女接受特殊的學(xué)校教育的人希望他們的孩子能提高社會(huì)地位，所以A為正確選項(xiàng)
小題5:B文章的最后In the twentieth century the increased taxation of higher incomes, the growth of the social services, and the wider development of educational opportunity have considerably altered the social outlook作者說(shuō)明對(duì)高額收入增加稅收，社會(huì)服務(wù)和教育機(jī)會(huì)的擴(kuò)大，階級(jí)差別逐漸模糊，所以B為正確選項(xiàng)
練習(xí)冊(cè)系列答案
相關(guān)習(xí)題

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

(2013·高考新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，B)In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music，dance and theatre in Edinburgh.The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.
It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness，Richard Burton，Dame Margot Fonteyn and Marlene Dietrich as well as the big symphony orchestras(交響樂(lè)團(tuán))．It became a fixed event every August and now attracts 400,000 people yearly.
At the same time，the “Fringe” appeared as a challenge to the official festival.Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947，in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform，and they did so in a public house disused for years.
Soon，groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University，and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge，Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little­known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.
Today the“Fringe”，once less recognized，has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theatre，music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts.And yet as early as 1959，with only 19 theatre groups performing，some said it was getting too big.
A paid administrator was first employed only in 1971，and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself.In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries.More than 1.25 million tickets were sold.
小題1:What was the purpose of Edinburgh Festival at the beginning?
A．To bring Europe together again.
B．To honor heroes of World War Ⅱ.
C．To introduce young theatre groups.
D．To attract great artists from Europe.
小題2:Why did some uninvited theatre groups come to Edinburgh in 1947?
A．They owned a public house there.
B．They came to take up a challenge.
C．They thought they were also famous.
D．They wanted to take part in the festival.
小題3:Who joined the“Fringe”after it appeared?
A．Popular writers.
B．University students.
C．Artists from around the world.
D．Performers of music and dance.
小題4:We may learn from the text that Edinburgh Festival________.
A．has become a non­official event
B．has gone beyond an art festival
C．gives shows all year round
D．keeps growing rapidly

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

   There is probably no field of human activity in which our values and lifestyles are shown more clearly and strongly than they are in the clothes that we choose to wear.The dress of an individual is a kind of “sign language” that communicates a set of information and is usually the basis on which immediate impressions are formed.Traditionally,a concern for clothes was considered to be an affair of females,while men took pride in the fact that they were completely lacking in clothes consciousness(意識(shí)).
This type of American culture is by degrees changing as man dress takes on greater variety and color.Even as early as 1955,a researcher in Michigan said that men attached rather high importance to the value of clothing in daily life. White collar workers in particular viewed dress as a symbol(象征)of ability,which could be used to impress or influence others,especially in the work situation.The white collar worker was described as extremely concerned about the impression his clothing made on his superiors(上司).Although blue collar workers were less aware(察覺到的)that they might be judged on the basis of their clothing,they recognized that any difference from the accepted pattern of dress would be made fun of by fellow workers.
Since that time,of course,the patterns have changed:the typical office worker may now be wearing the blue shirt,and the laborer a white shirt;but the importance of dress has not become less.Other researchers in recent years have helped to prove its importance in the lives of individuals at various age levels and in different social and economic status groups(階層).
小題1:The passage tells us that _______.
A．our values and lifestyles are in no field of human activity
B．the clothes that we choose to wear have something to do with our values and lifestyles
C．our values and lifestyles are from the sign language
D．the clothes we choose to wear depend on a set of information and immediate impression
小題2:Traditionally,people usually thought that _______.
A．men cared very much for clothes
B．women were concerned greatly about what they wore while men didn’t
C．both men and women paid great attention to their clothes
D．neither men nor women showed interest in clothes
小題3:Blue collar workers pay attention to their clothes because _______.
A．they are concerned about the impression their clothes make on their superiors
B．they know very clearly that people will judge them on the basis of their clothing
C．they want to impress and influence others
D．they don’t want to be laughed at
小題4:Which of the following can best explain the underlined sentence in the second paragraph?
A．Men thought the value of clothing in daily life was very important.
B．Men didn’t pay attention to the importance of the value of clothing in daily life.
C．Men thought little of the importance of the value of clothing in daily life.
D．Men were concerned little about the value of clothing in daily life.
小題5:The passage mainly suggests that _______.
A．now men pay more attention to their clothes than women do
B．women always like beautiful dresses
C．people have paid more and more attention to the importance of dress
D．American culture is changing greatly

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Dr．Ferguson energetically pushed the preparations for his departure，and in person directed the construction of his balloon．For a long time past he had been applying himself to the study of the Arab language and the various Mandingoe idioms，and，thanks to his talents in language，he had made rapid progress．

In the meanwhile，his friend，the sportsman，never let him out of
his sight-afraid，no doubt，that the doctor might take his departure，without saying a word to anybody．On this subject，he tried to discourage him with the most persuasive arguments，which，however，did NOT persuade Samuel Ferguson，and wasted his breath，by which the latter seemed to be but slightly moved．In fine，Dick felt that the doctor was slipping through his fingers．
The poor Scot was really to be pitied．He could not look upon the
blue sky without a wild terror: when asleep，he felt dizziness(眩暈)that made his head turn around；and every night he had visions of crashing down from immeasurable heights．
We must add that，during these nightmares，he once or twice fell out of bed. His first care then was to show Ferguson a severe bump(腫塊)that he had received on the fall．“And yet，”he
would add，with warmth，“that was at the height of only three feet一not an inch more一and such a bump as this! Only think，then!”
This appeal，full of sad meaning as it was，did not seem to touch the doctor's heart．Not even the shadow of a doubt was ever suggested；and Samuel made an intolerable misuse of the first person plural：“‘Our’balloon，‘our’ car ；‘our’expedition.”
Dick trembled at them，although he was determined not to go ; he did not want to annoy his friend．Let us also disclose the fact that，without knowing exactly why himself，he had sent to Edinburgh for a certain selection of heavy clothing，and his best hunting-tools and fire-arms．
小題1:Why did Dr．Ferguson start to learn new languages?
A．To keep himself occupied．
B．To get ready for the departure．
C．To show his talent in language．
D．To Know more about balloon construction．
小題2:We Call infer from the passage that Dick ＿＿＿＿.
A．suffered from a disease during the nights
B．got hurt in a fall from the balloon in the evening
C．decided to take the adventure with the doctor at last
D．equipped himself with arms to frighten his friend
小題3:Which word best describes Dr．Ferguson’s attitude towards his balloon flight?
A．Excited．B．Optimistic．C．Worried.D．Determined
小題4:What’s the writing pattern of the passage?
A．News．B．Fiction．C．Journal．D．Biography．

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

People have strange ideas about food. For example, tomato is a kind of very delicious vegetable. It is one of useful plants that can be prepared in many ways. It has rich nutrition(營(yíng)養(yǎng)) and vitamin in it. But in the 18th century, Americans never ate tomatoes. They grew them in their gardens because tomato plants are so pretty. But they thought the vegetable was poisonous(有毒的). They called tomatoes “poison apples”.
President Thomas Jefferson, however, knew that tomatoes were good to eat. He was a learned man. He had been to Paris, where he learned to love the taste of tomatoes. He grew many kinds of tomatoes in his garden. The President taught his cook a way for a cream of tomato soup. This beautiful pink soup was served at the President party. The guests thought the soup tasted really good. They never thought their president would serve his honored guests poison apples. Jefferson never spoke to his honored guests about the fact.
小題1:Tomato is a kind of ___________.
A．poisonous fruitB．poisonous vegetable
C．tasty fruitD．tasty vegetable
小題2:After you read the passage, which of the following do you think is true?
A．Americans never ate tomatoes after they began to plant them.
B．Americans didn’t eat tomatoes before 19th century.
C．Even now Americans don’t eat tomatoes.
D．In the 18th century Americans ate a lot of tomatoes.
小題3: Jefferson learned that tomatoes were good to eat ____.
A．while he was in ParisB．when he was a little boy
C．because his parents told him soD．from books
小題4:From the passage we know all the honored guests invited by Jefferson were____.
A．people from other countriesB．from France
C．people of his own countryD．men only
小題5:According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE?
A．None of the guests knew the soup that was served at the President’s party was made of tomatoes.
B．All of the guests thought the soup which was prepared by the President’s cook was nice.
C．President Thomas Jefferson knew that tomatoes were good to eat and not poisonous at all.
D．All of the guests didn’t know that their president would serve his honored guests poison apples.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

In the U.S. Mother’s Day is a holiday celebrated on second Sunday in May. It is a day when children honor their mothers with cards, gifts and flowers. First observance in Philadelphia in 1907,it is based on suggestions by Julia Ward Howe in 1872 and by Anna Jarvis in 1907.
Although it wasn’t celebrated in the U.S. until 1907,there were days honoring mothers even in the days of ancient Greece. In those days, however, it was Rhea, the Mother of the gods that was given honor. Later,in the 1600’s,in England there was an annual celebration called “Mothering Sunday.” It was celebrated during June, on the fourth Sunday ,the servants, who generally lived with their employers, were encouraged to return home and honor their mothers. It was traditional for them to bring a special cake along to celebrate the occasion.  
In the U.S., in 1907 Ana Jarvis, from Philadelphia, began a campaign to establish a national Mother’s Day. Jarvis persuaded her mother’s church in Grafton, West Virginia to celebrate Mother’s Day on the second anniversary of her mother’s death, the 2ed Sunday of May. The next day Mother’s Day was also celebrated in Philadelphia, Jarvis and others began a letter-writing campaign to ministers, businessmen, and politicians asking to establish a national Mother’s Day. They were successful. President Woodrow Wilson, in 1914,made the official announcement recognizing Mother’s Day as a national celebration that was to be held each year on the 2nd Sunday of May.
Many other countries of the world celebrate their own Mother’s Day at different times throughout the year. Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium celebrate Mother’s Day on the second Sunday in May, as in the U.S.
小題1:.Mother’s Day in the U.S. was first celebrated         .
A．in 1872B．in 1907C．in the 1600’sD．in 1914
小題2:The underlined word “observance” in the first paragraph probably means  “      ”.
A．celebrationB．principleC．holidayD．campaign
小題3:According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A．All the mothers were given honor in the days of ancient Greece.
B．Only the servants’ mothers were given honor on Mothering Sunday in England.
C．President Woodrow Wilson announced Mother’s Day as a national celebration.
D．Ana Javis’s mother probably died on the 2nd Sunday of May in 1907.
小題4:What could be the best title for this passage?
A．Mother’s Day of the U.SB．Mother’s Day of the world
C．Ana Jarvis and Mother’s DayD．Styles of Mother’s Day

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Americans use many expressions with the word dog. People in the United States love their dogs and treat them well. They take their dogs for walks, let them play outside and give them good food and medical care. However, dogs without owners to care for them lead a different kind of life. The expression, to lead a dog's life, describes a person who has an unhappy life. 
Some people say we live in a dog-eat-dog world. That means many people are competing for the same things, like good jobs. They say that to be successful, a person has to work like a dog. This means they have to work very, very hard. Such hard work can make people dog-tired. And, the situation would be even worse if they became sick as a dog. 
Still, people say every dog has its day. This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or her life. To be successful, people often have to learn new skills. Yet, some people say that you can never teach an old dog new tricks. They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and will not change the way they do things. 
Some people are compared to dogs in bad ways. People who are unkind or uncaring can be described as meaner than a junkyard dog. Junkyard dogs live in places where people throw away things they do not want. But mean dogs are often used to guard this property. They bark or attack people who try to enter the property. However, sometimes a person who appears to be mean and threatening is really not so bad. We say his bark is worse than his bite. 
Dog expressions also are used to describe the weather. The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year. A rainstorm may cool the weather. But we do not want it to rain too hard. We do not want it to rain cats and dogs.
小題1:A person who lives an unhappy life can be described as “_______”.
A．becoming sick as a dogB．leading a dog’s life
C．living in a dog-eat-dog worldD．Working like a dog
小題2:The underlined word “mean” in Paragraph 4 most probably means “_______”.
A．violentB．selfishC．wildD．Poor
小題3:What can we learn from the text?
A．Everyone can be successful if he learns from the old.
B．It might be difficult for the young to learn new skills.
C．Junkyard dogs are careful in money arrangement.
D．Fierce persons aren’t so awful as their appearance sometimes.
小題4:To support his idea, the author develops the text mainly by _______.
A．listing reasonsB．using idioms
C．giving examplesD．Making comparisons

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Getting married can be one of the happiest moments in a person’s life. Throughout the world, weddings are very important events. Let’s look at some interesting wedding customs from different countries.
For African Americans, it is tradition for the married couple to jump over a broom covered with flowers. This represents the beginning of family life. It is interesting to note that African slaves who were brought to the USA started this tradition. African American couples were not allowed to have a legal marriage, so instead they had a ceremony where the bride and groom jumped over a broom “into marriage”.
Making jokes about the bride and groom is a wedding tradition in both France and Germany. In France, this includes making loud noises with pots; in Germany, wedding guests break dishes. Weddings in Germany often last for three days. On Thursday, there is a simple ceremony at a government office noting the official marriage of the couple. Then the couple will have a dinner with family and close friends. On Friday, there is a party. This is when guests break dishes to represent the start of a new life. Then on Sunday, there is a ceremony in a church.
In Greece and Italy, people eat special kinds of sweets at the wedding. Both Greece and Italy also have their own special wedding dances, which all of the guests enjoy.
In Russia, couples tie a doll to their wedding car if they want to have a daughter, or a toy bear if they want to have a son.
In England, it is tradition for the little girls to throw flowers on the ground on the way to the wedding ceremony. The bride and groom walk on these flowers. This represents the hope that the couples will follow the path that leads to a happy life.
Topic
·Getting married can be 1. __________ than any other moment in a person’s life.
·Interesting wedding customs differ 2. _________ country to country.
Countries/ People
Wedding Customs
African Americans
·Married couple jump over a broom covered with flowers, which 3. _________ the beginning of family life.
·In the past, African American couples were 4. __________ to get married legally.
 France and Germany
·Make jokes about the bride and groom.
·In Germany, wedding guests get dishes 5. __________.
·A German wedding often 6. _________ three days.
The Greek and the 7. __________
·Either Greece 8. _________ Italy has its own special wedding dances, which all of the guests enjoy.
Russia
·If couples want to have a daughter, they will have a doll 9. _________ to their wedding car.
The English
·The bride and groom walk on the flowers thrown by little girls. It represents the hope of 10. __________ the path leading to a happy life.

查看答案和解析>>

科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

The island of Great Britain being small (compare the size of Australia), the natural place for holiday relaxation and enjoyment is extensive coastline, above all its southern and eastern coasts, and the favorite resort of the mass-population of industrial Lancashire, is on the north-west coast. Distant and little-inhabited area like Northern Scotland, are too remote for the development of large seaside resorts.
For most children, going to the seaside suggests a week or fortnight of freedom on the beach, ideally a sandy one providing enough opportunities for the construction of sandcastle, fishing in pool, paddling in shallow water or swimming in deep water. Their parents spend sunny days swimming in the sea and sunbathing on the beach. Not that the British sun can be relied on and the depressing sight of families wandering round the town in old –fashioned and under umbrellas is only too common. However, there are always shops with their tourist souvenirs, plenty of cafes and if the worst comes to the worst, the cinema to offer a refuge.
The average family is unlikely to seek accommodation in a hotel as they can stay more cheaply in a boarding-house. There are usually three or four-storeyed Victorian buildings, whose owners spend the summer season letting rooms to a number of couples or families and providing three cooked meals a day at what they describe as a reasonable price, with the hope that in this way they will add enough to their savings to see the winter through. Otherwise there are the camping sites for those who prefer self-catering.
Nowadays, even when an increasing number of people fly off to Mediterranean resorts where a well-developed suntan (曬黑) can be assured, or explore in comfort Swiss lakes and mountains or romantic Italian or Spanish cities, the British seaside is still the main attraction for families, especially those with younger children. As they queue for boats trips, cups of tea or ice-cream under gray skies and in dizzling rain, the parents are reliving (重溫) their own childhood when time seemed endless, their own sandcastles the most splendid on the beach, the sea always blue and friendly and the sun always hot.
小題1:Children enjoy the seaside because ________.
A．their parents can live and play with them
B．they can buy what they want there
C．there are a variety of enjoyable ways of spending time there
D．they can learn how to build sandcastles, how to swim, etc.
小題2:The reason suggested for running a boarding-house is that ________.
A．people can live as where they live at home
B．people can cook what they are favorite
C．the owners provide three cooked meals a day at a reasonable price
D．the resulting additional income will ensure a living for several months
小題3:Many parents once played on the British beach and ________.
A．still have their happy memories of it
B．don’t want to have a holiday there
C．don’t want to take their children to have a holiday there.
D．want to build their own sandcastles the most splendid on the beach again
小題4:Nowadays more and more people fly off to Mediterranean resorts for ________.
A．a(chǎn)n exploration of lakes in comfortB．a(chǎn) well-developed suntan
C．a(chǎn) well-equipped boarding-houseD．a(chǎn) romantic party
小題5:Which of the following is True according to the passage?
A．It is suggested that as a form of holiday entertainment the cinema is the best place to go in bad weather.
B．A reason suggested in the first paragraph for the appeal of the English seaside is that it is an ideal place for children.
C．Northern Scotland is little-inhabited and remote.
D．Few people in Britain go abroad for holiday relaxation and enjoyment.

查看答案和解析>>

同步練習(xí)冊(cè)答案