Mulch is a protective cover of material that is spread on top of soil.It is usually made out of organic material, like crop waste.Farmers may keep the remains of maize or other crops on top of the soil.This creates mulch on the soil surface.The plant remains help protect the soil against wind and water damage.Mulching is one of the best things people can do for their plants.It also helps keep the soil from getting dry, and reduces the need for watering plants.It also limits temperature changes in the soil.And it stops unwanted plants, or weeds，from growing.
Organic mulch improves the condition of soil.As the mulch breaks down, it provides material which keeps the soil from getting hard.This improves the growth of roots and increases the movement of water through the soil.It also improves the ability of the soil to hold water. Organic mulch contains nutrients for plants.It also provides a good environment for earthworms and other helpful organisms in the soil.
It is easy to find organic mulch materials.Cut­up leaves and small pieces of tree bark can be used.Grass cuttings are also a good mulch for plants. Mulch from newspapers works well in controlling weeds.
The best time to add mulch depends on your goal.Mulch provides a thick barrier between the soil and the air.This helps to reduce temperature changes in the soil. As a result，mulched soil will be cooler than other soil in the summer.In winter, the mulched soil may not freeze as deeply as other soil.The best time is after the ground has frozen, but before the coldest weather arrives.Spreading mulch before the ground has frozen may attract small animals searching for a warm place to spend the winter.Delaying the spreading should prevent this problem.The animals will probably find another place to live.
小題1:The author tells us the following EXCEPT________.
A．what mulch is and its benefits
B．the best time to add mulch
C．what can be mulched on the soil surface
D．the bad effects of mulch
小題2:The following can be used as organic materials to make mulch EXCEPT________.
A．tree barksB．cut­up leaves
C．grass cuttingsD．plastic
小題3:Which of the following is the benefit of mulch?
A．Protecting the soil against wind and water damage.
B．Keeping the soil wet and reducing the need for watering plants.
C．Reducing temperature changes in the soil and stopping unwanted weeds
growing.
D．All of the above.
小題4:The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that organic mulch can________.
A．improve the condition of soil
B．improve the ability of the soil to hold water
C．provide a good environment for earthworms
D．improve the growth of roots and increase the movement of water through the
soil
小題5:From the last paragraph, we know ________.
A．the best time to add mulch is in spring and summer
B．the best time to add mulch is after the coldest weather arrives
C．the best time to add mulch depends on weather
D．choosing the best time to add mulch can avoid attracting small animals

小題1:D
小題2:D
小題3:D
小題4:A
小題5:D
本文屬于科普說明文，介紹覆蓋物尤其是有機(jī)覆蓋對(duì)土壤和植物等的積極作用。
小題1:解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。一、二兩段介紹了什么是覆蓋物以及它的各種好處，如限制土壤溫度變化，保持土壤濕潤(rùn)等，故A項(xiàng)正確；第三段講了什么東西可成為覆蓋物，如樹葉等，故C項(xiàng)正確；最后一段講了給土壤蓋覆蓋物的最佳時(shí)間，B項(xiàng)也正確。只有D項(xiàng)“覆蓋物的不利影響”文中沒有提到。
答案　D
小題2:解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一、三段可知，有機(jī)材料(organic materials)包括A、B、C三項(xiàng)。
答案　D
小題3:解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段信息可知A、B、C三項(xiàng)都是覆蓋物的好處，故選D。
答案　D
小題4:解析　段落理解題。此段首句為中心句，B、C、D三項(xiàng)均為A項(xiàng)的支持信息。
答案　A
小題5:解析　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段和全文可知A項(xiàng)說法不全面；根據(jù)“The best time is after the ground has frozen，but before the coldest weather arrives.”可知B錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)最后一段首句可知C錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)最后一段最后三句可知D正確。
答案　D
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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解


小題1:What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?
A．Blue.B．Light yellow.
C．Red.D．Dark reddish purple.
小題2:Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?
A．Because their spine is in active use.
B．Because they are more easily affected by gravity.
C．Because they keep growing backwards.
D．Because their spine becomes more bent.
小題3:Which of the following statements about our brain is true?
A．In the long run，our brain probably works harder than our heart.
B．When our brain senses the spinning，we will feel dizzy.
C．The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.
D．Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.
小題4:What is the main purpose of the selection?
A．To give advice on how to stay healthy.
B．To provide information about our body.
C．To challenge new findings in medical research.
D．To report the latest discoveries in medical science.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

(2013·高考浙江卷，C)The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby.Almost from the moment it is born，the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother.During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large，warm，and soft object in its environment，particularly if that object also gives it milk.After a week or so，however，the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on“mother”—the real mother or the mother­substitute(母親替代物)．
During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby.The Harlows，a couple who are both psychologists，discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother­substitutes—one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire.If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature，the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother.However，if the wire model was heated，while the cloth model was cool，for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother­substitutes as their favorites.Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire？Something that the Harlows called contact(接觸)comfort seems to be the answer，and a most powerful influence it is.Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins，putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can.Whenever the young animal is frightened，disturbed，or annoyed，it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body.Wire doesn’t “rub” as well as does soft cloth.Prolonged(長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的)“contact comfort” with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows，the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust.If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother，the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be.It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball.If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom，the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life.After a few minutes of contact comfort，it obviously begins to feel more secure.It then climbs down from the mother­substitute and begins to explore the toys，but often rushes back for a deep embrace(擁抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well.Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding onto its “mother”．
小題1:Psychologically，what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?
A．Warmth.B．Milk.
C．Contact. D．Trust.
小題2:After the first two weeks of their life，baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is________.
A．larger in size
B．closer to them
C．less frightening and less disturbing
D．more comfortable to rub against
小題3:What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged“contact comfort”？
A．Attention.B．Softness.
C．Confidence.D．Interest.
小題4:It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure，________.
A．it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys
B．it spends more time screaming to get rewards
C．it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting
D．it cares less about whether its mother is still around
小題5:The main purpose of the passage is to ________.
A．give the reasons for the experiment
B．present the findings of the experiment
C．introduce the method of the experiment
D．describe the process of the experiment

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Attempts to understand the relationship between social behavior and health have their origin in history. Dubos (1969) suggested that primitive（原始的）humans were closer to the animals because they, too, relied upon their instincts to stay healthy. Yet some primitive humans recognized a cause and effect relationship between doing certain things and alleviating（減輕）symptoms of a disease or improving the condition of a wound. Since there was so much that primitive humans did not understand about the functioning of the body, magic became an integral component of the beliefs about the causes and cures of health disorders. So it is not surprising that early humans thought that illness was caused by evil spirits. Primitive medicines made from vegetables or animals were invariably used in combination with some form of ritual (禮儀) to drive harmful spirits away from a diseased body.
One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care based upon rational thought and rejection of supernatural phenomena is found in the work of the Greek physician Hippocrates. Little is known of Hippocrates who lived around 400 B.C., not even whether he actually authored the collection of books that bears his name. Nevertheless, the writings attributed to him have provided a number of principles underlying modern medical practice. One of his most famous contributions, the Hippocratic Oath, is the foundation of contemporary medical ethics (道德). Among other things, it requires a physician to swear that he or she will help the sick, keep oneself from intentional wrong-doing or harm, and keep secret all matters to keep the doctor-patient relationship.
Hippocrates also argued that medical knowledge should be derived（源自于）from an understanding of the natural sciences and the logic of cause and effect relationships. In this classic thesis, On Airs, Waters, and Places, Hippocrates pointed out that human-being is influenced by the totality of environmental factors: living habits or lifestyle, climate, geography of the land, and the quality of air and food. Interesting enough, concerns about our health and the quality of air, water, and places are still very much written in the twentieth century.
小題1:The topic of the first paragraph is summarized in ________.
A．the first sentence of the paragraph
B．the second sentence of the paragraph
C．the third sentence of the paragraph
D．the last sentence of the paragraph
小題2:Why did primitive humans rely on magic in their beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases?
A．Because magic was an inseparable part of their life.
B．Because they had little knowledge about the functioning of the body.
C．Because the diseases were caused by the evil spirits.
D．Because magic must be used in going through the rituals to drive out the evil spirits.
小題3:Considering Hippocrates’ background, we can see from the second paragraph that ________.
A．he was the forefather of modern medicine
B．experts are sure that the books bearing his name were not written by him
C．he had a rational mind aided by supernatural instincts
D．experts do not know much about him except when and where he lived
小題4:All of the following are included in the Hippocratic Oath EXCEPT ________.
A．helping patients
B．keeping oneself from harming patients
C．keeping secret all matters to maintain a good relationship with the patients
D．obeying rules for modern medicine practice
小題5:Which of the following best expressed the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．Doctor’s concerns remain unchanged.
B．Medicine comes from nature.
C．Environment affects health.
D．Climate determines lifestyle.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：完形填空

　Beware of those who use the truth to deceive(欺騙). When someone tells you something that is　　, but leaves out important information that should be　　, he can create a false impression.
For example, someone might say, “I just　　a hundred dollars on the lottery. It was great. I took that dollar ticket back to the store and　　it in for one hundred dollars!”
This guy is a winner, 　　? Maybe, maybe not. We then discover that he bought two hundred　　, and only one was a winner. He’s really a big　　!
He didn’t say anything that was　　, but he deliberately left out some important　　. That’s called a half-truth. Half-truths are not technically　　, but they are just as not　　.
Untrustworthy candidates in　　campaigns often use this tactic(手段). Let’s say that during Governor Smith’s last term, the state lost one million jobs and　　three million jobs. Then she　　another term. One of her opponents runs an ad　　, “During Governor Smith’s term, the state lost one million jobs!”That’s true. 　　, an honest statement would have been, “During Governor Smith’s term, the state had a net gain of　　million jobs. ”
Advertisers will sometimes use half-truths. It’s　　the law to make false claims so they try to mislead you with the　　. An ad might boast, “Nine out of ten doctors recommend Yucky Pills to cure nose pimples. ”It　　to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Corporation.
This kind of deception happens too often. It’s a sad fact of life: Lies are lies, and sometimes the truth can lie as well.
小題1:
A．falseB．true
C．interestingD．boring
小題2:
A．includedB．contained
C．ignoredD．referred
小題3:
A．lostB．found
C．donatedD．won
小題4:
A．changed B．took
C．turnedD．made
小題5:
A．rightB．wellC．reallyD．though
小題6:
A．booksB．papers
C．ticketsD．balls
小題7:
A．winnerB．loser
C．fighterD．thinker
小題8:
A．trueB．real
C．doubtful D．false
小題9:
A．details B．information
C．mistakes D．errors
小題10:
A．storiesB．truth
C．messages D．lies
小題11:
A．pleasantB．exciting
C．honestD．clever
小題12:
A．politicalB．commercial
C．personal D．public
小題13:
A．stoppedB．found
C．a(chǎn)voidedD．gained
小題14:
A．seeksB．gets
C．a(chǎn)chieves D．searches
小題15:
A．writingB．telling
C．sayingD．speaking
小題16:
A．OtherwiseB．However
C．MeanwhileD．Because
小題17:
A．oneB．twoC．threeD．four
小題18:
A．forB．to
C．a(chǎn)gainstD．in
小題19:
A．wordsB．facts
C．data D．truth
小題20:
A．failsB．tries
C．managesD．plans

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解



People in several American states may be surprised to see cars on city streets without a driver. Experimental driverless vehicles now are legal in Florida, Nevada and California. They are pointing the way to a future that is not far down the road. The high-tech company Google has a number of self-driving cars, which had covered 480,000 kilometers by August. Volvo is among the companies doing road tests and says it plans to sell driverless cars by 2020.
In September, California Governor Jerry Brown signed an act to allow autonomous vehicles on the roads of his state. " Today we're looking at science fiction becoming tomorrow's reality-the driverless car. " The technology for these cars includes cameras, radar and motion sensors. The systems have been improved through competitions sponsored by the U. S. government agency DARPA. Engineer Richard Mason of the Rand Corporation helped design driverless vehicles for DARPA challenge races.
Cars have become much more fuel-efficient, and new electronic features are' making Hondas safer, said Angie Nucci of Honda America. " A camera on the passenger-side mirror actually engaged on your guiding screen so you can safely change lanes. " Other safety features include warning systems on the front and the sides of the cars. These systems help drivers , but don't replace them. Curator Leslie Kendall of the Petersen Automotive Museum said autonomous cars will make the high ways safer．
"By taking out drivers, you also remove most risks of an accident," Kendall said. He said consumers, however, may be unwilling to lose control. "It may take them time to come to realize that the technology is indeed reliable, but it will have to prove itself first. "
Mason said the technology already works and the biggest challenge now is getting down the cost for driverless vehicles from hundreds of thousands of dollars to something more affordable. He said this will happen as the technology is improved.
小題1:What can we learn from Paragraph l?
A. Driverless vehicles are now legal in the whole USA.
B. Volvo will be the first to sell driverless cars.
C. Driverless cars are pointing us' a faraway future.
D. Google's self-driving cars have covered a long distance.
小題2:We learn that Governor of California Jerry Brown_________.
A．helped design self-driving cars.
B．supports self-driving cars on roads.
C．considers self-driving cars science fiction.
D．improved the self-driving car systems.
小題3:What is the role of the systems mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．They can help people drive more safely.
B．They can take the place of drivers now.
C．They can make cars run without fuel.
D．They can help cars run much faster.
小題4:According to Richard Mason, what is the biggest challenge for driverless cars?
A．They are not allowed to run on the road.
B．Their technical problems remain to be solved.
C．They are now too expensive for consumers.
D．They are more dangerous for people on the street.
小題5:What's the best title of the passage?
A．The benefits of the self-driving cars.
B．The biggest challenge of the self-driving cars.
C．Safer or more dangerous-self-driving cars.
D．Self-driving cars-science fiction future is near.

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Chinese scientists have found a new way to use cells found in human urine （尿液）that could aid in the treatment of a range of nerve disorders.That is a new technique for reprogramming cells in human urine into nerve progenitor cells  that can grow into multi-functional nerve and brain cells.
The technique is expected to be used in the study and treatment of nerve disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other nerve disorders.
Pei Duanqing, a professor at Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said his research team has combined an episomal system to deliver reprogramming factors with a chemically defined culture medium to reprogram kidney epithelial(腎表皮) cells in urine into NPCs.
These NPCs, normally only found in the human brain, were later proven to be transgene-free and self-renewing, he said.
"These nerve and brain cells can survive for up to one month when transplanted into the brain of a newborn rat," said Pei. "My team is working hard to understand why our experimental condition allowed the urine cells to become NPCs, because we want to improve the technique and make it more efficient".
Scientists have long searched to treat and study neural disorders by obtaining and transplanting neural stem cells. However, the previous method of getting and using cells from either fetal (胎兒)or adult human tissue remains challenging due to ethical concerns and immune system rejections, he said.
Pei hopes the discovery will be used to generate NPCs from patients with nerve disorders such as Parkinson's disease. "These NPCs from patients may help us discover new drugs for these diseases."
"It is a remarkable advance in the stem cell field. The results and methods obtained from this study will be of great value and significance to the field, " said Fred Gage,a professor with the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.
小題1:What is the passage mainly about?
A．NPCs are beneficial in treating human diseases.
B．Chinese scientists succeeded in making NPCs from human urine.
C．Chinese scientists have found cures for all diseases.
D．A new technique was used to study the use of human urine
小題2:Pei and his tean try their best to work hard in order to      .
A．make more contributions to medical study
B．discover another new technique
C．make the technique more perfect
D．treat more patients suffering from bad diseases
小題3:What is the challenge of making NPCs in the previous method?
A．The ethical comcerns and immune system refusal
B．The difificulties in getting cells from human.
C．The under-developed techniques in medical science.
D．The lack of financial support from the government.
小題4:From the last paragraph we can infer      .
A．the new technique will be developed in science
B．the results and methods will be applied to treating cancers
C．the study will give a major push to the stem cell field
D．the mew technique will bring great profis

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

In the new book The Education of Millionaires，Michael Ellsberg suggests that although“there are many wonderful things you can learn in college，”few of them are applied to real life ．So Ellsberg has written the book to tell“the capabilities and attitudes that will get you improved outside the classroom．”
I welcome the kind of debate about the value of higher education.It is necessary to remember， however，that Ellsberg also tells how important it is to make money．He mentions a number of college dropouts一such as Bill Gates and Michael Dell一to show how successful they have become without the benefit of a college degree．While Ellsberg stresses the achievements of dropouts，he includes degree holders who have become wealthy and famous．For example，of the current Fortune 500 CEOs，some 99％have a college degree．Similarly，of the Forbes 400 richest people in America，81％hold postseconda.ry（高等）degrees.
But in the discussion，what is forgotten about the value is that the purpose of education is not simply to enable one to earn a living but to prepare one for living over the course of life ．What is also left out of the debate about higher education is that its purpose is not just to provide a pathway covered with gold for the nation’s elites（精英）．If we have the discussion that way，we may look down upon the people who devote themselves to other ordinary jobs that form the basic structures（結(jié)構(gòu)）of our society，Though these individuals may not be reaching for the kind of stars that Michael Ellsberg and others would have them grasp，most are doing something even more important：they are involved in the useful tasks of good citizens and contributing to the common welfare，including providing for their families．
小題1:In the book The Education of Millionaires，Michael Ellsberg＿＿＿．
A．a(chǎn)pproves of the value of education
B．explains the reasons for dropping out
C．tells the way of getting out of college
D．discusses the practical value of college degrees
小題2:The second paragraph suggests a fact that＿＿＿＿
A．the value of higher education is never challenged
B．higher education ensures people making more money
C．most of the richest people received college education
D．success of dropouts proves the value of higher education
小題3:From the last paragraph we can learn that the author＿＿＿
A．is keen on society charity workB．calls for the equality of all man
C．speaks highly of the nation’s elitesD．shows respect to common people
小題4:The passage is written mainly to．＿＿＿
A．persuade people to go to university
B．make a comment on a new book
C．complain about the college education
D．praise Michael Ellsberg for his hard work

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科目：高中英語 來源：不詳 題型：閱讀理解

Monkeys prefer heavy metal to classical music, according to researchers at the University of Wisconsin whose findings are published this week in Biology Letters.
Scientists played a selection of music to a group of South American cotton-top monkeys but the only sound that got a reaction were from the heavy metal band Metallica. They were seemingly disinterested in Led Zeppelin, Miles Davis and Bach, but after the beautiful sound of Master of Puppets by Metallica was played the monkeys calmed down.
"Monkeys interpret rising and falling sounds differently than humans. Oddly, their only response to several samples of human music was a calming response to the heavy-metal band Metallica," said Professor Charles Snowdon, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Rather than making them excited or aggressive, the heavy metal tracks had a comforting effect. Dr Snowdon, who teamed up with National Symphony Orchestra musican David Teie, also played the monkeys music composed specifically for them. Although they enjoyed Metallica, they were much more interested in these pieces.
A melody(樂曲) based on the short calls of scared monkeys led to anxiety levels rapidly growing, researchers found, while one based on long calls the creatures make when they are happy had a calming effect.
Frans B.M. de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University who studies animals, said the findings appear to say more about how monkeys respond to the sounds they make than they do about music or the evolution of music.
Dr Snowdon no longer has a monkey colony to use in his research, but he said his co-author David Teie is exploring the concept of music for cats.
"If we understand how we can affect their emotional states through using musical sound and aspects of our speech, maybe those of us living with companion animals can have a better relationship with them, too," Snowdon said.
小題1:The research mentioned in the passage is mainly about ______.
A．the change of music over timeB．a(chǎn)nimals’ response to music
C．special music for animalsD．the origin of music
小題2:When the monkeys heard the music they liked, they ______.
A．looked anxiousB．became restless
C．felt at easeD．made long calls
小題3:According to the passage, the monkeys are most interested in the music ______.
A．of Led ZeppelinB．of Miles Davis
C．of MetallicaD．specially composed for them
小題4:The aim of the research, according to Professor Snowdon, is to ______.
A．build better ties between animals and humans
B．compare monkeys and cats in term of music
C．develop new music based on animals’ calls
D．find better ways to keep animals under control

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