Hacking our senses to boost learning power
Some schools are pumping music, noises and pleasant smells into the classroom to see if it improves exam results. Could it work? Why do songs stick in our heads? What does your school smell like? Is it noisy or peaceful?
It might not seem important, but a growing body of research suggests that smells and sounds can have an impact on learning, performance and creativity. Indeed, some head teachers have recently taken to broadcasting noises and pumping smells into their schools to see whether it can boost grades. Is there anything in it? And if so, what are the implications for the way we work and study?
There is certainly some well-established research to suggest that some noises can have a harmful effect on learning. Numerous studies over the past 15 years have found that children attending schools under the flight paths of large airports fall behind in their exam results. Bridget Shield, a professor of acoustics (聲學(xué)) at London South Bank University, and Julie Dockrell, from the Institute of Education, have been conducting studies on the effects of all sorts of noises, such as traffic and sirens (汽笛), as well as noise generated by the children themselves. When they recreated those particular sounds in an experimental setting while children completed various learning tasks, they found a significant negative effect on exam scores. “Everything points to a bad impact of the noise on children’s performance, in numeracy, in literacy, and in spelling,” says Shield. The noise seemed to have an especially harmful effect on children with special needs.
Whether background sounds are beneficial or not seems to depend on what kind of noise it is — and the volume. In a series of studies published last year, Ravi Mehta from the College of Business at Illinois and his colleagues tested people’s creativity while exposed to a soundtrack made up of background noises — such as coffee-shop chatter and construction-site drilling — at different volumes. They found that people were more creative when the background noises were played at a medium level than when volume was low. Loud background noise, however, damaged their creativity.
Many teachers all over the world already play music to students in class. Many are inspired by the belief that hearing music can boost IQ in later tasks, the so-called Mozart effect. While the evidence actually suggests it’s hard to say classical music boosts brainpower, researchers do think pleasant sounds before a task can sometimes lift your mood and help you perform well, says Perham, who has done his own studies on the phenomenon. The key appears to be that you enjoy what you’re hearing. “If you like the music or you like the sound — even listening to a Stephen King novel — then you do better. It doesn’t matter about the music,” he says.
So, it seems that schools that choose to prevent disturbing noises and create positive soundscapes could enhance the learning of their students, so long as they make careful choices. Yet this isn’t the only sense being used to affect learning. Special educational needs students at Sydenham high school in London are being encouraged to revise different subjects in the presence of different smells — grapefruit scents for maths, lavender for French and spearmint for history.
【小題1】The four questions in the first paragraph are meant to ________.

A．create some sense of humour to please the readers 
B．provide the most frequently asked questions in schools nowadays 
C．hold the readers’ attention and arouse their curiosity to go on reading 
D．declare the purpose of the article: to try to offer key to those questions 
【小題2】What does the conclusion of the studies of noise conducted by Bridget Shield and Julie Dockrell suggest?
A．Peaceful music plays an active role in students’ learning. 
B．Not all noises have a negative impact on children’s performance. 
C．We should create for school children a more peaceful environment. 
D．Children with special needs might be exposed to some particular sounds. 
【小題3】Ravi Mehta’s experiment indicates that ________.
A．students’ creativity improves in a quiet environment 
B．we may play some Mozart music while students are learning 
C．a(chǎn) proper volume of background noises does improve creativity 
D．noise of coffee-shop chatter is better than that of construction-site drilling 
【小題4】Towards the positive impact of appropriate background sound and smell on students’ learning and creativity, the author’s attitude is ________.
A．a(chǎn)mbiguous B．doubtful C．negative D．supportive 
【小題5】Which of the following is most likely to follow up the research findings?
A．Experts’ research into other senses that can improve students’ grades. 
B．More successful examples of boosting learning power by using music. 
C．Suggestions for pumping lots of pleasant smells into school campuses. 
D．Debates on whether noises can really have positive effect on students’ performance. 


【小題1】C
【小題2】C
【小題3】C
【小題4】D
【小題5】A

解析試題分析:一些學(xué)校在教室里給學(xué)生播放音樂(lè)，并且使教室充滿令人宜人的味道、他們這樣做的目的是看看這樣是否能提高學(xué)生的考試成績(jī)。在本文中作者通過(guò)對(duì)幾個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的介紹表明適當(dāng)?shù)囊魳?lè)和使人愉悅的味道的確會(huì)起到積極的作用。
【小題1】C推理判斷題。本文介紹了音樂(lè)和噪音對(duì)人思維和智力的影響，作者在開頭提出問(wèn)題是為了引出話題，同時(shí)引起讀者的興趣，故答案選C。
【小題2】C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段對(duì)Bridget Shield and Julie Dockrell實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的介紹Everything points to a bad impact of the noise on children’s performance,….. The noise seemed to have an especially harmful effect on children with special needs. 可以知噪音影響著孩子們的考試成績(jī) ，所以我們要為孩子們營(yíng)造一個(gè)好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，答案選C。
【小題3】C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章第四段Ravi Mehta的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果They found that people were more creative when the background noises were played at a medium level than when volume was low. Loud background noise, however, damaged their creativity. 可知合適音量的背景音樂(lè)會(huì)提升人們的創(chuàng)造力，故答案選C。
【小題4】D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章末段內(nèi)容So, it seems that schools that choose to prevent disturbing noises and create positive soundscapes could enhance the learning of their students, so long as they make careful choices.可以判斷作者對(duì)于對(duì)學(xué)生有積極影響的聲音和氣味是持支持態(tài)度的，故答案選D。
【小題5】A推理判斷題。文章末段提出Special educational needs students…… are being encouraged to revise different subjects in the presence of different smells ……，由此可以推測(cè)科學(xué)家會(huì)繼續(xù)對(duì)影響人們智力和創(chuàng)造力的其他味道進(jìn)行研究，答案選A。.
考點(diǎn)：考查社會(huì)科學(xué)類短文閱讀。

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Make the most of college
Dear Daughter, 
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D．Basil works at the Beijing Network
【小題4】The last paragraph suggests that hotels will ___________ .
A．be replaced by the organization
B．probably not charge too much
C．not consider raising their prices
D．show no concern about the organization

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科目：高中英語(yǔ) 來(lái)源： 題型：閱讀理解

Sixteen years ago I learned this lesson in the back of a New York City taxi cab. Here’s what happened. I hopped in a taxi, and we took off for Grand Central Station. We were driving in the right lane when, all of a sudden, a black car jumped out of a parking space right in front of us. My taxi driver slammed on his brakes, skidded, and missed the other car’s back end by just inches!
The driver of the other car, who almost caused a big accident, started yelling bad words at us. My taxi driver just smiled and waved at the guy. And I mean he was friendly. So, I said, “Why did you just do that? This guy almost ruined your car and sent us to the hospital!” And this is when my taxi driver told me what I now call “The Law of the Garbage Truck. ”
Many people are like garbage （rubbish） trucks. They run around full of garbage, full of frustration, full of anger, and full of disappointment. As their garbage piles up, they need a place to dump it. And if you let them, they’ll dump it on you. When someone wants to dump on you, don’t take it personally. You just smile, wave, wish them well, and move on. You’ll be happy with what you did.
I started thinking, how often do I let Garbage Trucks run right over me? And how often do I take their garbage and spread it to other people at work, at home, or on the streets? It was that day I said, “I’m not going to do anymore.”
Successful people do not let Garbage Trucks take over their day. What about you? If you let more garbage trucks pass you by, you’ll be happier. Life’s too short to wake up in the morning with regrets. So, Love the people who treat you right. Forget about the ones who don’t.
【小題1】What happened one day when the author was taking a taxi?

A．The taxi almost hit another car.
B．The taxi driver was injured.
C．The author scolded the driver of the other car.
D．The author learned a lesson from the driver of the garbage truck.
【小題2】How did the taxi driver respond to the behavior of the driver of the black car?
A．He yelled back at the driver.
B．He sent the driver to the hospital.
C．He was friendly towards the driver.
D．He dumped some garbage in front of his car.
【小題3】What does the taxi driver think of people according to Paragraph 3?
A．Many people like to drive garbage trucks.
B．Many people dump garbage wherever they like.
C．Many people are warm-hearted to make others happy.
D．Many people tend to be very much depressed.
【小題4】What can we infer from Paragraph 4?
A．The author used to have a lot of garbage trucks.
B．The author used to complain a lot.
C．The author used to have a lot of money.
D．The author used to be a good manager.
【小題5】According to the passage, what should you do if people “dump garbage” on you?
A．Ignore them and go on with our own work.
B．Try our best to persuade them not to do that again.
C．Tell them to dump the garbage in the right place.
D．Take over their work and carry the garbage to somewhere else.

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